As Ethiopia Reforms, Ethnic Violence Spreads
THURSDAY OCTOBER 25 2018
People who fled the violence in the outskirts of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa sit at a youth centre used as a temporary shelter, on September 18, 2018. PHOTO | AFP
In Summary
Analysts see no single cause for the killing that has stretched from the countryside to the capital and left scores of Ethiopians dead.
The 1995 constitution, written by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) after it unseated the Derg military junta in 1991, puts ethnicity front and centre.
AFP
Addis Ababa
Two decades ago, Ethiopia's leaders took a gamble: give the country's many ethnicities their own autonomous regions in the hope greater prosperity would forge national unity.
For a time it worked, but now simmering inter-communal disputes have erupted into bloodshed, with violence displacing 1.4 million people this year, the most globally, according to the Geneva-based Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre.
The rise in violence contrasts sharply with the global praise for Ethiopia's young, reformist Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, who has forged peace with neighbouring Eritrea, vowed to overhaul state companies and reached out to dissidents at home.
IRON-FISTED RULE
Analysts see no single cause for the killing that has stretched from the countryside to the capital and left scores of Ethiopians dead.
But they say Abiy, who inherited a vast, ethnically diverse nation used to the iron-fisted rule of his predecessors, has his work cut out for him as he seeks to impose his leadership without tipping into authoritarianism.
"My belief is that is there will be no re-establishment of law and order without strong leadership," said long-time independent Ethiopia researcher Rene Lefort.
He said the centralised decision-making behind the reforms has led to paralysis in the regions, creating fertile ground for discontent, violence and score-settling.
Under Abiy, he said, "there is a deep power vacuum."
The 1995 constitution, written by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) after it unseated the Derg military junta in 1991, puts ethnicity front and centre.
Africa's second-most populous country is partitioned into nine regions with borders that follow ethnic lines.
The constitution is one of few in the world to allow not only self-governance, but the option of secession.
The intention was to address demands for local empowerment that the Derg tried to stifle, said Zemelak Ayele, director of the Centre for Federalism and Governance Studies at Addis Ababa University.
"It was necessary to create an institutional mechanism so that peoples' culture was respected," he said.
The EPRDF also pursued economic expansion, hoping that if Ethiopia's deep poverty lessened, ethnic identity would fall away in favour of national unity, Zemelak said.
That has not happened and ethnicity remains pronounced despite the country's surging GDP.
That is due to the tendency of the EPRDF, which many saw as dominated by the Tigrayan ethnic minority before Abiy's rise, to overrule the will of the regions and their peoples, Zemelak said.
"They wanted to create this idea that every community is included," he said. "At the same time, they wanted to create a mechanism so that the regions wouldn't undermine the centre."
Abiy took office in April following more than two years of anti-government protests by his Oromo people and also the Amhara, Ethiopia's second biggest ethnicity.
Both groups charged they had been marginalised by the EPRDF, and their uprisings led to hundreds of deaths, tens of thousands of arrests and the shock February resignation of Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn.
While the anti-government unrest dissipated after Abiy took power, ethnic fighting flared almost immediately, and has continued despite Abiy announcing popular reforms, including a reshuffle of security chiefs, while warning security forces against rights abuses.
Nearly one million people have fled their homes in the coffee-growing south amid clashes between the Gedeo ethnic minority and the Oromos, while fighting in September between the Oromos and other ethnic groups in and around the capital Addis Ababa killed up to 65 people.
Many of the rivalries that fuelled the violence have simmered for decades, and analysts differ as to why they flared now.
Awol Allo, an Ethiopian commentator who teaches law in Britain called the clashes "the boiling-over of frustrations" resulting from the EPRDF's absolute rule.
But Harry Verhoeven of Georgetown University Qatar said the perception that demonstrations undermined Hailemariam sent a message that "violence pays".
"One can't underestimate the power of example here," he said.
The EPRDF has grown increasingly divided since the 2012 death of Meles Zenawi, a powerful prime minister known for forging consensus among the four parties that make up the governing coalition.
"At this moment, it seems the central government is at its weakest point," Zemelak said. "The central government being weak means regions can do what they want."
The violence risks tipping Abiy's administration back to authoritarianism, Awol warned.
"Governments usually become authoritarian when they're forced into situations. They make mistakes and then to cover-up for that mistake, they double down," he said, pointing to Meles, who was a strongman ruler, and his predecessor Mengistu Haile Mariam, the Derg's bloody dictator.
"I hope, this time, both the opposition and the government will choose different paths," Awol said.
People who fled the violence in the outskirts of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa sit at a youth centre used as a temporary shelter, on September 18, 2018. PHOTO | AFP
In Summary
Analysts see no single cause for the killing that has stretched from the countryside to the capital and left scores of Ethiopians dead.
The 1995 constitution, written by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) after it unseated the Derg military junta in 1991, puts ethnicity front and centre.
AFP
Addis Ababa
Two decades ago, Ethiopia's leaders took a gamble: give the country's many ethnicities their own autonomous regions in the hope greater prosperity would forge national unity.
For a time it worked, but now simmering inter-communal disputes have erupted into bloodshed, with violence displacing 1.4 million people this year, the most globally, according to the Geneva-based Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre.
The rise in violence contrasts sharply with the global praise for Ethiopia's young, reformist Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, who has forged peace with neighbouring Eritrea, vowed to overhaul state companies and reached out to dissidents at home.
IRON-FISTED RULE
Analysts see no single cause for the killing that has stretched from the countryside to the capital and left scores of Ethiopians dead.
But they say Abiy, who inherited a vast, ethnically diverse nation used to the iron-fisted rule of his predecessors, has his work cut out for him as he seeks to impose his leadership without tipping into authoritarianism.
"My belief is that is there will be no re-establishment of law and order without strong leadership," said long-time independent Ethiopia researcher Rene Lefort.
He said the centralised decision-making behind the reforms has led to paralysis in the regions, creating fertile ground for discontent, violence and score-settling.
Under Abiy, he said, "there is a deep power vacuum."
The 1995 constitution, written by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) after it unseated the Derg military junta in 1991, puts ethnicity front and centre.
Africa's second-most populous country is partitioned into nine regions with borders that follow ethnic lines.
The constitution is one of few in the world to allow not only self-governance, but the option of secession.
The intention was to address demands for local empowerment that the Derg tried to stifle, said Zemelak Ayele, director of the Centre for Federalism and Governance Studies at Addis Ababa University.
"It was necessary to create an institutional mechanism so that peoples' culture was respected," he said.
The EPRDF also pursued economic expansion, hoping that if Ethiopia's deep poverty lessened, ethnic identity would fall away in favour of national unity, Zemelak said.
That has not happened and ethnicity remains pronounced despite the country's surging GDP.
That is due to the tendency of the EPRDF, which many saw as dominated by the Tigrayan ethnic minority before Abiy's rise, to overrule the will of the regions and their peoples, Zemelak said.
"They wanted to create this idea that every community is included," he said. "At the same time, they wanted to create a mechanism so that the regions wouldn't undermine the centre."
Abiy took office in April following more than two years of anti-government protests by his Oromo people and also the Amhara, Ethiopia's second biggest ethnicity.
Both groups charged they had been marginalised by the EPRDF, and their uprisings led to hundreds of deaths, tens of thousands of arrests and the shock February resignation of Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn.
While the anti-government unrest dissipated after Abiy took power, ethnic fighting flared almost immediately, and has continued despite Abiy announcing popular reforms, including a reshuffle of security chiefs, while warning security forces against rights abuses.
Nearly one million people have fled their homes in the coffee-growing south amid clashes between the Gedeo ethnic minority and the Oromos, while fighting in September between the Oromos and other ethnic groups in and around the capital Addis Ababa killed up to 65 people.
Many of the rivalries that fuelled the violence have simmered for decades, and analysts differ as to why they flared now.
Awol Allo, an Ethiopian commentator who teaches law in Britain called the clashes "the boiling-over of frustrations" resulting from the EPRDF's absolute rule.
But Harry Verhoeven of Georgetown University Qatar said the perception that demonstrations undermined Hailemariam sent a message that "violence pays".
"One can't underestimate the power of example here," he said.
The EPRDF has grown increasingly divided since the 2012 death of Meles Zenawi, a powerful prime minister known for forging consensus among the four parties that make up the governing coalition.
"At this moment, it seems the central government is at its weakest point," Zemelak said. "The central government being weak means regions can do what they want."
The violence risks tipping Abiy's administration back to authoritarianism, Awol warned.
"Governments usually become authoritarian when they're forced into situations. They make mistakes and then to cover-up for that mistake, they double down," he said, pointing to Meles, who was a strongman ruler, and his predecessor Mengistu Haile Mariam, the Derg's bloody dictator.
"I hope, this time, both the opposition and the government will choose different paths," Awol said.
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