Former Cuban leader Fidel Castro greets Chris Hani, the late former Secretary General of the South African Communist Party, during a SACP visit to Cuba in February 1993. This visit took place two months before the assassination of Hani., a photo by Pan-African News Wire File Photos on Flickr.
10 April 2013
Twenty years ago, Cde Chris Hani, the serving general secretary of the SACP, was gunned down in the driveway of his East Rand home. Cde Chris had gone out to buy newspapers that morning from a local shop. On his return he spoke to his daughter Nomakhwezi on the intercom in the driveway. There was a white guy who wanted to speak to him, he said. He wouldn’t be a moment.
We don’t know what Cde Chris was thinking, as he turned to speak with the person approaching him up the driveway. In those years, Cde Chris was frequently stopped in the street by fellow South Africans, black and white. They wanted to engage him – some to express admiration, or to raise a concern, others to argue with him about communism and religion, or the collapse of the Soviet Union. Cde Chris always made time for these impromptu engagements.
It was the Saturday morning of an Easter weekend, April 10, 1993. For three years the multi-party negotiations at the World Trade Centre, not far from Hani’s home, had dragged on. By early April 1993 the talks had been stalled once more for months. The De Klerk regime was still not willing to accept the prospect of democratic majority rule under an ANC-dominated government.
Those who assassinated Cde Chris later admitted to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that they intended to provoke a violent racial backlash. They cynically calculated that they would provoke random killings of whites in retaliation for the assassination of this hugely popular leader, and that these in turn would escalate into a racial civil war. This would put an end to the negotiations process, and therefore to any likelihood of majority rule. Although these cynical calculations were to backfire completely, they were, on the face of it, not so far-fetched.
At least one independent public opinion poll at the time showed that Cde Chris was easily the most popular political figure in SA, after Mandela. At the 1991 ANC Durban National Conference, Cde Chris stepped down from a one-on-one contest with Cde Thabo Mbeki for the deputy presidency of the ANC (in favour of the veteran Cde Walter Sisulu). This was done in the interests of ensuring ANC unity. However, in the elections for additional NEC members he easily polled the highest votes – 94,7% of the total of voting delegates.
Cde Chris was hugely popular. His popularity was not won on the front-pages of the print media. It was not won through cheap populism, or grandstanding. Still less through the arrogant display of wealth and bling. Cde Chris’s popularity was won through years of struggle and self-sacrifice.
Hero of the Wankie Campaign
He was a hero of the 1967 Wankie Campaign in which he bravely commanded a joint MK-ZIPRA force in a series of battles over two months and across more than 200kms of rough terrain. Crossing over the Zambezi River from Zambia into northwest Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia), the joint guerrilla force inflicted significant casualties on the Rhodesian and apartheid South African security forces. This was the first sustained combat activity of MK forces, head-to-head with the enemy. After two months and at least two major battles, one lasting 6-days, Cde Chris managed to evade the pursuing forces who were had helicopters and fighter-bombers, and escape into Botswana with 7 other comrades.
By all accounts, Cde Chris’s conduct throughout the campaign was exemplary. He took on the most dangerous tasks. He shared his scarce rations with those he commanded. Looking back on the campaign in later years, Cde Chris described it as an important turning point for the national liberation movements of SA and Zimbabwe.
“We were tempered in battle, we were tested under difficult conditions and I think we succeeded….Our moral qualities, our conviction and our toughness were exceptional, and we maintained a discipline and unity which very few armies would have under those circumstances. I mean no regular army would have endured, you know, marching all the way from there without proper logistics.”
Although the campaign did not succeed in its ultimate military objective – namely to open up a route from Zambia into South Africa itself, it had an important political impact. Looking back Cde Chris said:
“…It was a turning point in terms of the struggle in Zimbabwe. The people of Zimbabwe felt the impact of that. The enemy couldn’t suppress information about it. So although we didn’t succeed, I think we inspired the population. We also inspired people politically in SA, because the press in SA…now began to say ANC guerrillas are crossing into Zimbabwe, running battles fought around Wankie. So our people got the message that the ANC [which they been told] was kaput when actually it was in there fighting.”
The Lusaka Memorandum
But history doesn’t always advance in a straight line. Notwithstanding the important morale-boost that the Wankie campaign gave to the people of SA and Zimbabwe – back in Lusaka where the ANC and MK exile headquarters were then located, Cde Chris experienced huge frustration. After spending long months in detention in Botswana, Cde Chris and seven MK comrades were looking forward to being debriefed on their Wankie campaign experiences. They felt many strategic and tactical lessons had been learnt. But there was to be no welcoming reception for them. There was no formal de-briefing from the MK command structures – although fellow MK rank-and-file comrades were greatly inspired by what they heard from the Wankie combatants.
Among the few older comrades anxious to glean information from the Wankie experience were Cde Joe Slovo, and the veteran Jack Simons. As frustration built up, Cde Chris became convinced that some of the key senior leadership of MK was not focused on the home front. His mounting frustration eventually gave rise to a Memorandum which he and six others compiled. It made serious allegations against some of the MK leadership, and specifically alleging that some were more interested in business projects than fighting. It also spoke out against nepotism, alleging that some individuals with leadership connections were favoured with bursaries and diplomatic postings, while others were doing the actual fighting. The Memorandum circulated widely within MK camps and was tacitly supported by many. The initial reaction of the ANC and MK leadership, however, was defensive, even arrogant. A tribunal was set up and it sentenced the seven who were signatories to death. Fortunately interventions by Mzwayi Piliso, Oliver Tambo, Ray Alexander and Joe Slovo prevented the worst, but Hani’s membership of the ANC was temporarily suspended.
However, the Memorandum and the storm that it stirred up soon had a positive impact. It was a key catalyser of the critical 1969 ANC Morogoro Conference at which Cde OR Tambo conceded there were many challenges within the movement. The conference produced the outstanding Morogoro Strategy and Tactics document and a more effective NEC team.
Looking back on these events in the early 1990s, Hani was reluctant to discuss them in any detail. He felt that the Memorandum had perhaps over-stepped the mark with some of its allegations and reckless language, but he certainly never felt that the core concerns were wrong, and he certainly did not reverse his basic judgment in regard to some of the individuals who were named in the Memorandum.
Two kinds of heroism
What is the point of remembering all of this now? It reminds us that there are two kinds of courage – and Cde Chris had them both in abundance. There is courage under enemy fire, face to face with hostile forces. And then there is the other kind of courage – having the courage to face up squarely and honestly to deviations within one’s own ranks. Tackling bureaucratism, factionalism, favouritism, the loss of morale and moral direction, the problems of corruption – and, above all, to do all of this NOT in order to advance your own personal or factional interests, but out of a sense of responsibility to one’s organisations, to the struggle, to the people.
Perhaps more than ever, it is these qualities that are required of us in our present reality.
To move amongst the people like a fish swimming in the sea
However, the grass-roots popularity of Cde Chris in the early 1990s did not rest only or even primarily on his role in the Wankie Campaign, or the lesser known episode of the Lusaka Memorandum.
In 1974 Cde Chris walked for two days using a compass and the stars as a guide to take him over the Botswana border and to Zeerust, some 55 kilometres inside SA. From there he took a bus to Mafeking and a train to Johannesburg. And, after a brief and dangerous stay in the city, he proceeded on to Lesotho.
The two most important lessons of the Wankie Campaign were:
1. That it was critical to have an accessible rear base, from which supplies and recruits could be received, in which training could be conducted, and to which the sick and wounded could retreat and recover; and
2. That the best cover for guerrilla operations was not a remote, unpopulated game reserve (which is what Wankie was) but rather the hamlets, villages, settlements and townships of the rural and urban working class and poor. “The guerrilla”, as Mao famously put it, “must move amongst the people like a fish swimming in the sea.”
These were the two guiding principles that Cde Chris set about putting into practice. With his arrival in Lesotho (or “The Island” as it was then known in ANC and MK circles), Cde Chris soon established it as a dynamic hub for MK, ANC and SACP work inside of SA. Literally thousands of South African refugees, and volunteers passed through Hani’s Lesotho operational machinery. Comrades were housed and cared for, they were engaged in political discussion, and many former BC adherents joined the ANC and SACP as a consequence. But, above all, the focus was on re-building underground ANC, SACP and MK structures within SA, and of connecting up with the re-emerging trade union, social and political movements. Cde Hani personally opened up remote routes from Lesotho into SA. The Lesotho machinery was in dynamic contact with structures in the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Free State and Gauteng.
Unlike his own earlier post-Wankie Lusaka experience, Cde Chris paid a great deal of attention to personally de-briefing new exiles as well as tested operatives coming in from the field. Every detail was important to him – what were the conditions facing people in this or that village, or township? He was also genuinely interested in the individuals he was talking to, their personal hopes and aspirations, their fears, the situation of their families back home. During his Lesotho period, Cde Chris also slipped back into SA on many occasions.
Many years later, in December 1991, at the SACP’s first legal congress back home, the hundreds of delegates present were surprised to find that Cde Chris, chairing the plenary sessions, remembered the majority of them by name. He also often remembered their home villages and townships and even the names of relatives.
In the very last years of his life, Cde Chris continued to move among the people like a fish swimming in the sea. He was now the general secretary of the SACP with an office in the NUM headquarters then in Rissik Street, downtown Johannesburg. But he was hardly ever in the office. He was forever visiting remote rural villages in the far North one week, in the Northern Cape, or Mpumalanga the next. He was not afraid of going into violence-torn hot spots like Boipatong and the hostels of the East Rand, and he was central to the setting up of Self Defence Units in response to the regime’s brutal low intensity conflict negotiating strategy.
We are now living in a somewhat different reality – but the lessons of Cde Chris’s life are as relevant as ever.
We need to ask ourselves – are we and our structures moving amongst the people like fish swimming in the sea? Or are we more like stranded fish, fish out of water, pre-occupied with our own internal battles and factional squabbles?
Are our branches and districts in dynamic contact with the daily realities of our villages and townships? What has happened to COSATU locals? Hardly a week passes without one or another so-called “township service delivery protest”. Are our SACP voting district branches providing revolutionary leadership to these events? Or are we either absent, or passive observers, or part of one or another problematic faction? Where were the ANC and SANCO branches in Marikana to take up the issues of appalling housing and social conditions, or community safety in the face of vigilante forces? Apart from successful election campaigns and centenary celebrations, can we think of a single ANC campaigning pamphlet or poster taking up the issues that confront our communities in the last decade?
Let us not try to deploy the dead and departed, nor to wipe out the history of apartheid
As we remember and celebrate the life of Cde Chris, it is also important that we are not selective or try to vulgarise his life and some of the things he said. Some in our ranks try to use the statement by Cde Chris that he was not interested in joining government to try and rubbish SACP decisions about participating in our own government. They say what Chris said should have led the SACP not to participate in government, including its most senior leadership. Where would Chris have been if he had lived into the post 1994 era? Frankly we do not know, except that he would have gone to where the ANC and SACP would have deployed him. Because Cde Chris was disciplined he would have set aside his own personal preferences and accept organisational deployment, including going into government if it was so decided. This is precisely what he did with the suspension of the armed struggle!
We must persuade some of our comrades not to try and do the impossible, the dead and the departed cannot be deployed. Let us not try and deploy Cde Chris in 2013 when he passed away in 1993. Rather let us treasure the memory of Cde Chris, and that memory must not be used opportunistically.
In addition, some in the media, and a few in our ranks, are playing an old reactionary, and often anti-communist, card of `praising` the dead in order to condemn the living. For instance some of the media that is praising Cde Chris today had condemned him as a very dangerous `hawk` whilst he was alive, and being accused of secretly training some imaginary army in Zimbabwe. Now that he is no more, he is being `praised` by the same media, dishonestly of course, in order to attack the current leadership of our movement. We must expose this hypocrisy.
We must also use occasions like these to always tell the story of apartheid and its crimes, so that even future generations who would not have lived the horrors (or privileges) of apartheid MUST KNOW what happened; so that we must never go back there. Like the holocaust, we must teach the history of apartheid in our schools, colleges and universities, including the heroic struggles of our people against this evil system, including the role of leaders like Cde Chris!
We must resist attempts by liberals and organisations like the DA who are trying very hard to erase the history of apartheid and only tell us to look into the future. We cannot look into the future if we forget our past. We must resist this ideological blackmail by liberals and other reactionaries, and let future generations always know about our history. For that matter, the legacy of apartheid is still very much alive today, and its racial, class and patriarchal forms are still being daily reproduced.
As we commemorate this 20th anniversary of our fallen hero, it is important that we ask ourselves these hard but honest questions – as he would have done. It is not a matter of lamenting or complaining – our job as communists is to put right what must be corrected.
It is in this spirit that, on the occasion of this 20th anniversary, the SACP is re-launching the financial sector campaign.
A pandemic of unsecured loans - stop preying on working people and the poor!
In recent years there has been the rapid expansion in South Africa of what is called “unsecured lending”. This is where financial institutions like banks lend money to people without the back-up (“collateral”) of a house, or a car, or some other property that can be dispossessed and sold-off by the bank in the case of a failure to pay back the loan with interest.
Unsecured lending has grown dramatically in the dominant capitalist countries. It is part and parcel of the increasing financialisation of the world capitalist system – in which the role of productive capital (in manufacturing, infrastructure, mining, agriculture) has become less, and the role of speculative financial capital has grown ever more dominant. It is this financialisation process, and particularly the ballooning of unsecured loans (notably in the case of sub-prime loans for housing in the US) that precipitated the global economic crisis that began in late 2007 and that still rolls on in 2013. It is a crisis costing hundreds of millions of jobs, the loss of pensions and savings, the collapse of major banks, and harsh fiscal restraint measures in the Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Cyprus and elsewhere. These are measures designed to save the very financial institutions and the global financial system that caused the crisis in the first place.
The rapid expansion of unsecured loans has now also spread into SA. Why? With lower interest rates prevailing, the traditional forms of secured consumer lending (e.g. housing mortgages, or vehicle financing) have become less profitable for greedy, profit-maximising banks. Unsecured lending provides them with the excuse of charging much higher interest rates and therefore of securing much higher profits.
In effect, South African banks have increasingly entered the space of the blood-sucking mashonisas.
Needless to say, all of this is very risky. But the big banks probably reckon that if there is a crisis, the South African government will be obliged to come to their rescue at tax-payers’ expense. They reckon they are “too big to fail”. They will argue that if they go belly-up, hundreds of thousands of ordinary South Africans will lose their life-savings. This is exactly the argument used in the US and in many European countries to justify crippling austerity measures – cutting budgets on health and education – while bailing out banks with taxpayers’ money.
In fact, some of our so-called “banks” don’t even take deposits. They raise funds overseas at low interest rates and then use these to finance unsecured lending at high interest rates here in SA. Many of the “debts” of these banks are also “securitised” (which means the actual financial institutions don’t bear the risk – they sell on the risk to speculative investors). What we have is a growing house of cards – more and more risky loans, more and more inflated profits, less and less solid foundation upon which it all rests.
The target markets for these unsecured loans are the working people and poor in South Africa. How many of us daily get unsolicited SMS’s offering all kinds of easy loans? The easy part is getting the loan; the hard and often impossible part is paying back the loan.
We are not sure if the loan sharks will be called to the Farlham Commission of Inquiry into the tragedy that unfolded at Marikana last August. But they should be called. Immediately after the August tragedy the Department of Trade and Industry carried out an investigation that found there were at least 12 separate “mashonisa” operations just at Marikana alone – 11 of which were hopelessly non-compliant with the National Credit Act. On the face of it, the rock-drill operators at Lonmin Mine, who constituted the core of the wildcat strike and the anti-NUM violence, are relatively well paid by South African standards. But many of them were seeing very little of their wage at the end of each month, because those vultures, the mashonisas were deducting huge interest payments. This goes a long way to explaining the desperation and vulnerability of many of these workers to all kinds of demagogic promises by vigilante forces and opportunists of all stripes.
As the SACP we call for the dramatic tightening of legislation governing reckless lending and garnishee orders. Too often, court rulings impose harsh penalties on over-indebted consumers – but not on the reckless lenders. We also wish to condemn that some of the big banks have also joined the fray of being omashonisa. In our campaign, we will expose these harmful and exploitative practices.
We call for a credit bureau amnesty – and we call on the Parliamentary Select Committee currently engaging the Credit Regulator to press ahead with these demands.
We say to these vultures big and small – STOP PREYING ON THE WORKING CLASS AND POOR!
Trade Union Pension Funds
Another pillar of our financial sector campaign will be to open up a discussion with our allied formations in the trade union movement around their multi-billion rand pension and provident fund holdings and their related trade union investment arms.
A centerpiece of the global capitalist, neo-liberal financialisation process has been the growth of vast retirement fund holdings. Whatever its financial rationale, the lump-sum, pay-as-you go approach to retirement funds as opposed to the old (often state-provided) monthly pension payment to retired workers has placed vast powers in the hands of private sector investment managers. It has also undermined the solidarity between different categories and sectors of workers some workers have access to retirement funds, others do not. Some union pension funds are wealthier than others. While COSATU affiliated unions have representatives on the boards of these funds – what effective strategic control do the members of the unions exercise?
An even bigger problem is that COSATU and most (if not all) of its affiliates have investment arms that leverage off these retirement funds. It is no secret that, in many cases, battles over control of these investment arms have become the source of factional struggles and accusations and counter-accusations of wholesale corruption. Breakaway unions are another symptom of the same underlying problem of what we have called the growing phenomenon of “business unionism”.
Some COSATU affiliates have been outspoken in calling for the nationalisation of key sectors of the economy (usually sectors in which they are not themselves organising). The SACP has no problem in principle with nationalisation or, a term we prefer, socialisation. But we have yet to hear the same affiliates calling for the nationalisation (or better still socialisation) of their retirement funds and investment arms.
While there are notable exceptions, too often these multi-billion rand funds are simply invested according to a profit-maximising logic. Or, worse still, they are used to float this or that dubious BEE venture.
The debate we intend to open up with our trade union allies is how to secure democratic working class and social control over these vast funds. How do we direct these funds into job-creating re-industrialisation, or into social infrastructure? It cannot be that the working class calls for prescribed assets, or community re-investment measures for the private sector financial institutions, while sitting negligently on top of their own major financial resources. Too many of these funds and union investment houses have become capitalist Trojan Horses wheeled into the very heart of the labour movement, causing havoc, divisions and factionalism.
Development Finance Institutions (DFIs)
In the course of the re-launched financial sector campaign, the SACP will also press ahead with the call for the ongoing transformation of state-owned financial institutions (Development Finance Institutions – DFIs – as they are known). We believe that progress has been made in the case of the IDC in particular, in re-orienting it away from being just another bank, to playing a much more active role in placing our economy on to a new job-creating, and inclusive growth path.
The PIC is a major public sector investment arm. In the recent past it too has been implicated in financing dodgy BEE deals for well-connected individuals – losing billions of rands of the Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF) in the process. The PIC must also be much more actively aligned with our broad social and economic transformational goals.
The funding of SMMEs and coops remains a challenge. In particular, we will campaign for a Cooperative Bank to be established – nowhere in the world do co-ops flourish without some kind of cooperative banking arrangement.
Despite resolutions from the Party and the ANC – little progress has been made in setting up the Postbank as a fully-fledged and effective publicly owned bank with a footprint across the country, including in remote rural areas.
A second Financial Sector Summit
As with the original campaign, this year our grass roots financial campaigning - together with our Alliance partners and with a wide range of social movements and community-based organisations – must culminate in a second Financial Sector Summit.
The Summit must assess progress made since the last summit, including on the Financial Sector Charter. As we campaign over the coming months, we also anticipate other financial sector issues emerging from our engagement with communities.
Honour the Memory of Cde Chris; build a strong and campaigning Alliance
Building a campaigning SACP must contribute to building a strong and campaigning Alliance. Our Alliance is a strategic and revolutionary Alliance. It is neither a bargaining chamber nor a business deal build on written conditionalities. Our Alliance is also not a tender, to be bought or sold by the highest bidder. It is an alliance based on a revolutionary programme of action, based on the vision contained in the Freedom Charter. Being in the Alliance means we must take responsibility for the totality of the tasks of the national democratic revolution; and not selectively cherry pick what we want to associate with or to do. Let us also stick to our Congress traditions and defend all our organisations from any attempts to divert or distance them away from the Congress movement and its traditions!
FORWARD TO THE RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE FINANCIAL SECTOR!
FORWARD TO THE SOCIALISATION OF THE KEY COMMANDING HEIGHTS OF OUR ECONOMY!
LET US HONOUR THE MEMORY OF OUR HERO, CDE CHRIS THEMBISILE HANI, IN THIS 20TH YEAR SINCE HIS ASSASSINATION – BY BUILDING FIGHTING ORGANISATIONS OF THE WORKING CLASS AND POOR!
SOCIALISM IS THE FUTURE – BUILD IT NOW!
Tribute to Chris Hani on the occasion of the commemoration of his assassination
10 April 2013
By Lindi Hani
As we gather here today I am saddened by the absence of father Stan. He was a continuous source of strength, faith and support for our family and we miss him dearly. Please may we take a moment of silence to honor Father Stan. Thank you.
I believe every little girl if they are lucky considers their father to be their hero, I was no exception. I didn’t realize that my father was THE ‘Chris Hani’ until after he died. To me he was daddy; yes I acknowledge that he didn’t live with us like many of my friend’s fathers but that made no difference. I remember making up different professions for my father depending on how I was feeling at that particular time. What does your father do? That question would be met with answers ranging from doctor to lawyer. Most people find it crazy that I didn’t know that my father was an exceptional freedom fighter, I answer simply that my parents made sure that I had the most normal childhood that I could possibly have and succeeded in doing so.
I spoke to my father most days while he was in exile; he made sure to phone and speaks to each of his daughters. The conversations were never about the state of world affairs but I would tell him that I came first in a race or there was some girl at school that was bullying me. No matter whatever I chose to tell my father he would listen intently and give me advice as though I was discussing the freedom of Nelson Mandela. I now realize that that’s the reason he is one of the most beloved leaders of the struggle, his capacity to listen to every problem as if his life depended on it.
Chris Hani was always my hero, realizing that he was the whole country’s’ hero was an extremely difficult process for me. I was torn between pride and pure selfishness of wanting to keep him all to myself. I remember a time where we as his children were complaining that we never see him and we want him to live permanently with us. Naturally he called a family meeting where we were all given the opportunity to voice our grievances, which we did, towards the end of the meeting after listening intently he said “if you want me to give up the ANC tomorrow and come and live with you and have a normal profession, I will”. As young as I was, I remember the tension in the room, the anticipation as my late sister and I looked to our older sister for direction, my eldest sister replied “you will never be happy doing anything except what you are doing now and that is fighting for the freedom of your people”. Obviously we echoed her sentiments and I believe we did the right thing by him and the South African people.
The realization of what my father meant to the people of this country was both an incredible blessing and curse. The blessing being that I felt that his sacrifice of his family was not in vain and the numerous people who were harassed, tortured and victimized had a true role model. The curse was that I could never grieve for my father as the whole nation was watching and I was commanded by individuals to be stoic and strong. That the country was looking at me and I had to show them a brave face, that I was not allowed to be human but had to always come across as completely together at all times. Due to this I spent many years feeling resentful and angry that they didn’t allow us to mourn him. I began to believe that I could by no means be vulnerable and that privacy was a luxury.
It has now been twenty years since my world shattered and what that individual didn’t take into consideration was that the people were and has always been there for our family. That the South African people have in no way placed their emotions of the loss they experienced above my own. That I have finally understood through the support, strength and empathy of all our people exactly why my father was so passionate and dedicated to this country.
I came across a speech he gave to the army while he deputy commander of Mkhonto we Sizwe, entitled the “Demand of the time”. This speech was given in 1985 but is still so extremely relevant today. He explains the importance of conducting themselves in a manner befitting the trust the people of South Africa has bestowed on them, he says “Revolutionaries are special people. They are patriots and committed people. They are dedicated to a transformation of a Country and the building of a new life. In order to justify this confidence our people are placing on our shoulders we have to get rid of the inherent habits we have acquired from the system of oppression. We are members of our people`s army, Umkhonto we Sizwe. Our people`s army requires of each and every cadre to have the deepest love and respect for the people because they — thousands of those young people — are placing their destiny in our hands as the commanders, commissars,necessitates that we should behave correctly towards them.”
I miss my father everyday just as I know the nation misses Chris Hani, we all miss his courage, integrity, humility and kindness just to name a few traits. Most of all we miss having hope that there is someone fighting for our happiness, someone wanting better for us then we expect for ourselves. That is the reason I have finally come to terms with sharing him because what made him such an amazing leader was that he was an exceptional father. The comfort is that as much as his memory lives in my family, my daughter and I, he continues to thrive in all of us. As long as we all hold on and fight in his memory he will always be here. Thembisile Martin ‘Chris’ Hani, our father, our hero.
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