Sunday, May 09, 2010

Zimbabwe Reflections on the Inconclusive British Elections

Britain walking in Zim’s footsteps?

Prof Jonathan Moyo, MP
Zimbabwe Sunday Mail

What the hell is going on in the disintegrating MDC-T whose hypocrisy against Zanu-PF on issues of corruption and leadership wrangles is now being exposed on a daily basis and what on earth are the MDC-T’s neo-colonial founders and funders in Britain up to following last Thursday’s inconclusive British general election whose conduct and outcome has all the derided trappings of Zimbabwe’s March 2008 elections to the embarrassment of the British political establishment that has been behind the MDC-T in a hopelessly single-minded way?

While the answer to this question may be out there in the politically polluted air, and because time does not hide anything, those in our midst who believe that only time will tell can take heart.

The confused and confusing aftermath of the British election and the senseless wrangling in the MDC-T are God-sent events.

Some fundamental truths about the treachery of the MDC-T and the hypocrisy of its British creators are beginning to speak for themselves as told by the passage of time, not only since Zimbabwe’s March 2008 general election but particularly after the emergence of the MDC in 1999 as an undisguised front for Rhodie and British interests in Zimbabwe.

The good news about our country from the passage of time is that most Zimbabweans are Zanu-PF at heart, a common truth there for all to see.

There are now some compelling developments in our body politic which point to the real possibility that even God may also be Zanu-PF mainly if not only because of the party’s unflinching pursuit of higher principles and enduring policies whatever the circumstances of the day.

It is very tempting, in fact irresistible, to interpret the latest electoral stalemate in Britain and its explanations and justifications from the British political establishment as God’s way of exposing British colonial folly over things Zimbabwean with reference to Zanu-PF in particular.
Zimbabwe’s electoral problem in 2008 is exactly Britain’s electoral problem today.

Put differently, President Robert Mugabe’s and Zanu-PF’s post-election quandary in March 2008 after the inconclusive election in which no political party won the parliamentary plebiscite is precisely the post-election quandary that Prime Minister Gordon Brown and his embattled labour party are suffering in Britain today after the British held an election which did not produce an outright winner.

That can only be as a result of God’s intervention to teach the Brits an historical lesson about the wages of neo-colonialism in pursuit of regime change. And the moral of the lesson is that former colonial powers like Britain should be careful about what they say about or wish upon their former colonies.

For the avoidance of doubt, there is of course no shortage of Zanu-PF actions that may leave a lot to be desired as policy deviations or as betrayal of the party’s enduring principles but those deviations and betrayals are inherent to the human condition and are therefore inevitable as a matter of human nature. What is relevant and significant and what explains why most Zimbabweans are Zanu-PF and why even God himself seems to have a soft spot for Zanu-PF is that the party’s principles and policies on the big and revolutionary issues of self-determination, indigenisation and local empowerment always speak to a just and higher human good typically sought by any sovereign people under similar circumstances around the world.

In this vein, Zimbabweans understand only too well that the shortcomings of their political leaders and the weaknesses of their political system are matters for Zimbabweans to deal with and not an excuse for neo-colonial intrusion. It is instructive that the election mess in Britain has not attracted international intervention and yet it is indeed a mess which the international community expects the British to resolve on their own because it is, after all, their business.

Zanu-PF has always maintained as a matter of principle and policy that Zimbabwean issues must always be resolved by Zimbabweans without being manipulated by external interests with their own agenda.

This principle and policy is not about performance, which is a technical or action-based matter, but about belief embedded in the heart and spirit of the nation.

As such, where Zanu-PF may fail here or there on some specifics of detail, its failures are never an act of deliberate malice or ideological confusion as a matter of principle or policy but a necessary political expression of correctable human weaknesses that are commonplace.

This is the infectious thought that comes to mind when one considers the political ramifications of what is going on in the now irreconcilably divided MDC-T along with the geopolitical consequences of last week’s telling British general election which ended with a hung Parliament amid serious allegations of vote rigging as Prime Minister Gordon Brown and his labour party cronies vigorously make unmistakably Zanu-PF arguments to justify clinging on to power.

Let us further probe the latter before the former.

Since 1997 the British Labour party has pursued a racist and gratuitous foreign policy on Zimbabwe reminiscent of how the same party facilitated Ian Smith’s illegal Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965 which triggered Zimbabwe’s Second Chimurenga.

The cornerstone of the British Labour party’s mindless approach to Zimbabwe since 1997 has been its refusal to either understand or accept the just and unapologetic implementation of land reform in the country to remedy colonial injustice.

In that refusal, the British Labour party turned the necessary and therefore unavoidable land reform in Zimbabwe into a governance matter in general and an electoral issue in particular. The fairness and freeness of elections in Zimbabwe was made to be dependent on whether and how Zimbabwe pursued land reform.

In defence of its untenable and, in fact, ridiculous 1997 position on Zimbabwe, the Labour party used electoral propaganda about alleged bad governance in Zimbabwe which in 1999 was swallowed by the British Conservative party and Liberal Democrats who joined the Labour party to found and fund the MDC through the Westminster Foundation.

All these three British parties claimed that the MDC-T won the March 2008 parliamentary election and demanded that Morgan Tsvangirai, whose party had gotten one seat more than Zanu-PF, should form an MDC-T government not only when the fact was, as it is in Britain after that country’s May 6 general election, that no single party won an absolute majority of at least 106 seats out of 210 but also when Tsvangirai himself had not won the presidential election despite mustering the most votes in a presidential election whose inconclusive outcome required a run-off on the back of a parliamentary popular vote resoundingly won by Zanu-PF.

Obviously the three main British parties demanded that the MDC-T should form a government after the inconclusive March 2008 general election not because the MDC-T had won the election but only and only because the three parties had, in fact, formed the MDC as their front and were supporting it for that reason alone.

Now, after last Thursday’s general election in Britain, the three British parties behind the MDC-T are in exactly the same situation in which their MDC-T was in 2008 with none of them commanding an absolute majority in Parliament to be able to form a government. All of them are in political misery. With the Zimbabwean situation in mind, it would be surprising if God is not repeatedly telling poor Gordon Brown, who made the most useless noise against President Mugabe in 2008, that what is good for the goose is good for the gander.

In the true biblical style in which God is said He reveals His will or way, Gordon Brown has not only had to deal with the compelling fact that a sitting head of government must remain in office until a new head is sworn in, something which he tried in vain to deny President Mugabe after the inconclusive March 2008 elections in Zimbabwe, Brown’s defeated and outgoing government is also facing mounting voter anger after many would-be British voters, like some Zimbabwean voters in 2008, were turned away before voting in places like Sheffield, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Newcastle, parts of London and Surrey, among many others.

Legal challenges are now pending across Britain. Similar situations in Zimbabwe after the March 2008 elections were demonised as vote rigging not only by the three main British political parties that are now suffering the same fate but also by the gullible so-called private media in and about Zimbabwe whose silence over the British electoral mess, chaos and hypocrisy is deafening.

The timing of Britain’s electoral mess which proves British hypocrisy on free and fair elections could not be worse for the MDC-T which is literally disintegrating on the weight of its treachery as a sellout party with no national agenda beyond the neo-colonial interests behind it.

One of the very good outcomes of having the MDC-T in the coalition government since February 2009 is that its officials have used the opportunity to show the party’s true essence and colours. By every measure the MDC-T has proved that it is not what its duplicitous British founders and funders cracked it to be in 1999.

Whatever the MDC-T is, we now can say with certainty that it is not a movement for democracy. The best that can be said about it is that it is a Movement for Delinquent Confusion. After joining the government last year, the MDC-T leadership has displayed a shocking penchant for corruption, greed and power for its own sake on the back of breathtaking incompetence.

While Zanu-PF continues to address the critical issues of removing the illegal Western economic sanctions, consolidating land reform and ensuring indigenisation and empowerment for all Zimbabweans, the MDC-T has nothing to say or offer on the national scale for the benefit of Zimbabweans regardless of their political affiliation.

The MDC-T confusion is very serious and Zimbabweans better beware. One day the MDC-T makes noise about an endless list of alleged outstanding GPA issues. When they run out of steam about that, as they have, they make a lot of negative noise against indigenisation and empowerment and when that does not work they make more negative noise about freezing and not freezing salaries for civil servants.

What is important to note in this saga is that while the earlier MDC-T noises were against Zanu-PF, now it's the MDC-T fighting itself as evidenced by the clashes between Tsvangirai and Biti or between Biti and Eliphas Mukonoweshuro over the salaries for civil servants.

Clearly this saga demonstrates that the MDC-T is all about negative energy. If you want to hear about something that either will not happen or work, listen to the MDC-T. Tsvangirai has become an expert at promising pies in the sky.

When he assumed office as Prime Minister he sought to score cheap points against Zanu-PF by falsely promising civil servants real salaries in forex, but that remains a pie in the sky.

Now he is seeking to score equally cheap points against his own secretary-general, Tendai Biti, by falsely promising that civil servant salaries will not be frozen when the practical position is that these salaries have indeed been frozen all along and they will continue to be frozen until the illegal sanctions are removed and the Zimbabwean economy can make money again.

The reality is that, while the MDC-T loses its way in the trenches of corruption, especially among its councils, but also in the ranks of its national leadership, Zimbabwe is going through a severe liquidity crunch made worse by MDC-T-inspired economic sanctions with no solution in sight.

As for Mukonoweshuro, a well-known member of Tsvangirai’s so-called kitchen cabinet who has been shedding crocodile tears about the low salaries of civil servants given his party’s parallel structures that are awash with donor top-ups, while it is understandable that he should seek to please his master against Biti, it is totally absurd for him to suggest that alternative sources for civil servants’ salaries might come from Cabinet committees, including one chaired by Deputy Prime Minister Thokozani Khupe, who these days seems to be concerned more about what she is wearing than what Zimbabwe needs to survive.

The fact of the matter is that Zimbabwe needs real national and revolutionary leadership with an indigenous focus which can only come from Zanu-PF to find ways of strategically utilising our God-given national resources to revive our economy for the benefit of all Zimbabweans. Anything else coming from the MDC-T and its embattled British founders and funders whose hypocrisy on elections knows no bounds is a pie in the sky.


British hypocrisy exposed

By Mupata Sango

Parliamentary elections in the United Kingdom on May 6 turned into a chaotic situation that some television and online commentators likened to elections in Africa, but the scene was thoroughly British.

Angry voters in a number of mostly urban constituencies reported that the doors to polling stations were slammed shut at 10pm despite the long queues remaining, effectively preventing an undisclosed number of voters from casting their ballots, thus disenfranchising them in an electoral process that was very closely run.

Many had waited in the queues for several hours, with delays apparently caused by the insufficient staffing unable to handle a higher turnout at the polls, which was expected but not planned for.

Some polling stations ran out of ballot papers.

Commentators said this was like an election in Africa, and one dismissive former media editor waved his hand and sniffed: “This is African stuff.”

The lumping together of 53 different countries in Africa, all with different electoral systems, into one dismissive comparison, illustrated the ignorance of the commentator.

Elections are very well organised in many African countries and certainly a prospective voter who has waited in a queue can expect to cast their ballot.

In most African countries, anyone who is already in the queue at a polling station at closing time is allowed to complete the process, even if this takes several hours more.

The UK electoral law calls for the doors to close at 10pm sharp, regardless of who is waiting, except for those who may actually have a ballot paper in their hand, although there is some debate about the discretion of the polling officials.

One similarity to an election in an African country was the words used by the head of the Election Commission, which is a watchdog body, and her language was the same as that used by such commissions the world over.

She said that they are sorry, that they will have a full investigation and prepare a report in due course, and that they are absolved of blame for the poor planning as this is the responsibility of the returning officers in each constituency.

This angered the affected voters even further as it does not help them to get back their lost vote.

Police were called to some locations, and legal challenges are likely.
Some commentators said that the delays at polling stations and shortage of polling officials could have been caused by insufficient funds.

The ballots were counted very quickly in some areas, with the spectacle in one constituency of high school students sprinting across a sporting complex carrying ballot boxes to tables of people counting the papers.

They were trying to beat their record of announcing the result within 43 minutes after the polls closed. They failed by several minutes, but still expected to clear up in time for early morning swimming lessons.

As the election results became known throughout the night, showing the type of uncertainty that can arise from a close race under the first past the post electoral system, the issue of concern shifted rapidly from the state of the economy to the state of Britain’s electoral system, with politicians from all three of the main parties calling for electoral reform.

The Conservative Party emerged with significantly more popular vote but not spread evenly enough to reach the magic number of 326 seats in parliament needed to form a majority government in the 650-seat House of Commons.

The Conservatives picked up more than 90 additional seats that were previously held by other parties, but they still fell short of a majority.

This has resulted in what the commentators called a “hung parliament”, meaning no party will have a majority.

Under the British system (they have no written constitution), the sitting prime minister remains in office and is entitled to make the first attempt to piece together a government or a governing coalition with other political parties, even though his Labour Party had lost most of those 90 seats gained by the Conservatives.

However, if Prime Minister Gordon Brown, far short of a majority, had expected help from the Liberal Democrats, he may have been disappointed by the statement from the Lib Dem leader, Nick Clegg, saying that the party that has most votes and most seats — the Conservatives — should have opportunity to prove that it is capable of seeking to govern, “in the national interest”.

His party holds the “balance of power” in the sense that if he were to agree to work with the Conservatives, they could either form a majority coalition government, or his party could keep them in office through voting with them in parliament.

If he were to support Labour, they could try to form a government but together they would still not have a majority of seats in parliament unless other smaller parties joined them.

Around 5 percent of the seats were won by other smaller parties, including the first national seat for the Green Party, and they will be furiously courted for their support by the main political parties during the weekend.

England, Scotland and Wales together with the province of Northern Ireland, form the country officially known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the UK or Britain), and smaller parties include the Scottish National Party, which wants more independence for Scotland.

Clearly, the reform of the electoral system is a bargaining chip in these discussions.

The most telling of Clegg’s remarks were that the first priority of a new government should be to “fix our broken political system”, a point echoed by politicians across the political spectrum.

Clegg also called for reform of the Upper House, the House of Lords, in which members of the British aristocracy hold family seats, and outgoing politicians can also be appointed to the peerage for this purpose, becoming Lords for life.

This type of inconclusive outcome last occurred in Britain in 1974 when Prime Minister Ted Heath’s Conservative government tried and failed to form a coalition, giving way to Labour.

Another election was called within a matter of months, thus there were two national elections in one year in 1974.

The Queen, as Head of State, appoints the government and has the power to intervene if the situation appears unstable, but in practice prefers to work behind the scenes to achieve an acceptable solution.

Stability of government was a campaign issue used by all of the three largest political parties.

However, this matter will not be left to the politicians and the royalty. Other players began immediately to exert their influence on the outcome of the election.

The financial markets opened during the night, several hours earlier than usual, for the purpose of gauging response to the outcome of the election.

The British currency, the pound, dropped in value by three pence before dawn with the verdict of the hung parliament, and recovered half of that amount a few hours later as the Conservative gains became apparent.

The traders of currency and bonds in the financial district known as the City of London feared a Labour coalition and generally considered a Conservative government as more palatable.

They were also responding to market worries across the Atlantic where the US markets were fluctuating due to concerns about the struggling Greek economy.

Commentators worried about “spooking international investors” if there is no solution by Tuesday.

Support for the Greek economy and Britain’s place in Europe were election issues, with the Conservatives refusing to support Greece and using this as an argument to retain the British currency and stay out of the eurozone.

The media too were looking for a piece of flesh from the prime minister, with the morning headlines telling him to go.

Labour did much better in Scotland and Wales, and in the north of England, and lost massively to the Conservatives in the south.

Opinion polls that predicted a surge for the Liberal Democrats following three national televised debates failed to take account of the fact that, in a close election under the constituency system, the electorate generally supports one of the two main political parties rather than “wasting” its vote on a third.

Whatever the outcome of the political impasse, it seems that reform is coming to the British parliamentary election system that has been so firmly transplanted into the former colonial empire, including among many others, Australia, Botswana, Canada, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

The new parliament will sit on May 18 to elect the Speaker, one week before the Queen addresses parliament in the “Speech from the Throne” to set out the new government’s agenda.


Britannia is dead

British voters have spoken. But what exactly have they said and why should we be listening? This is the question of the moment as people around the world try to digest the outcome of last week’s parliamentary election.

As a rule of thumb, it is notoriously difficult to predict the outcome of any election but much easier to analyse the results. Not for this particular poll. Political analysts are scratching their heads, struggling to make head or tail of these results.

Well, let them continue analysing. What is absolutely clear, though, is that Britannia is in terminal decline and there is no better proof of this than last week’s election which created a hung parliament.

There were many losers, of course, but the biggest loser must be British politics. Conservative leader David Cameron is prancing around and masquerading as the winner of that election, yet he is a loser too because he failed to unseat the Labour government in the middle of a financial crisis. Voters refused to give him a parliamentary majority and he is just grandstanding in a desperate bid to save face.

Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg, despite all attempts to market himself as a kingmaker, is also a big loser. By trying so hard to be all things to all people, he came across as a hollow creation of the media and the voters dealt him a mighty boot.

As for Labour’s Gordon Brown, he is finished for sure. He claims he is still the Prime Minister. But for how much longer? To understand what is happening, we must ask the question: How did British politics get into this mess?

Following the end of colonialism, British politics had a certain respectability about it, thanks largely to the policies of Conservative premiers Mar-garet Thatcher and John Major. For a while during the Thatcher-Major era, people in most of Britain’s former colonies generally accepted that there was a sense of decency to British politics and foreign policy.

This measure of civility was shattered to smithereens when “New Labour” swept to power in 1997. Tony Blair, a swashbuckling master of spin, changed the political landscape in a manner that would later prove detrimental to Britain’s long-term strategic interests.

Britain’s international standing has been waning ever since Blair stepped into 10 Downing Street. In fact, these days, matters are so bad that Britain’s chaotic elections have been likened to a “Third World” circus.

British politicians ridiculed and taunted Zimbabwe’s elections in 2008, but look who is laughing now!

Their winner-takes-all majoritarian system is a liability and could very well be replaced by a hybrid electoral template that borrows heavily from proportional representation. British politicians must learn not only to co-exist but also to co-operate.

This is cruel irony for politicians who have been unfairly demonising Zimbabweans for forming a Government of National Unity. These are the same drivel-mongering politicians — we must remember — who have refused to work towards the lifting of British and European Union sanctions on Zimbabwe.

In the last 10 years, political relations between Zimbabwe and Britain have been severely strained. Blair’s Labour government was largely to blame for this. Brown was part of that administration and most Zimbabweans did not expect a radical shift from him once he assumed the premiership.

The tragedy for Brown is that he had the opportunity to initiate a process that would have led to the scrapping of the illegal sanctions. What did he do? He squandered that chance.

As a result, the evil sanctions remain in place and continue causing immense suffering. Gordon Brown, just like Tony Blair, has the blood of innocent Zimbabweans on his hands.

Perhaps the extraordinary situation unfolding in London will have far-reaching implications for Zimbabwe-Britain relations. Time has come for the British political class to accept the self-evident truth that Zimbabwe’s agrarian revolution is irreversible.

The politicians in Westminster must be told that it is in Britain’s long-term strategic interest to restore cordial relations with Harare. This matter has nothing to do with oversized egos. There is a whole lot more at stake. Britain has citizens in Zimbabwe and vice versa.

Hundreds of British companies are operating profitably and unmolested in Zimbabwe. With regional economic integration fast becoming a reality in this part of Africa, the deployment of sanctions as an instrument of foreign policy will soon lose all meaning.

Even if the British government maintained a hard-line stance, this would not stop Zimbabwe from progressing economically. China, India, South Africa, Iran and other emerging economies will continue doing business with this country. There are rich pickings to be enjoyed here, that is why British companies have vowed to stay put.

Meanwhile, if the politicians in Westminster fail to resolve the power-sharing squabble that has erupted in London, they should not be too shy to ask for assistance from Zimbabwe. Coalition politics can be tricky!

Zimbabwe News Update: China Says Sanctions Must Be Removed From Zimbabwe Soon

China says sanctions must be removed soon

From Victoria Ruzvidzo in Shanghai, China and Zvam
Zimbabwe Herald

China has called for the immediate lifting of the illegal sanctions imposed on Zimbabwe by the West, stressing that no country or region has the right to meddle in Zimbabwe’s internal politics.

In a related case, Ghana’s Vice President, Mr John Dramani Mahama, last Friday added his voice in the call for the lifting of sanctions against Zimbabwe, saying this would help the country to realise its full potential.

In an interview last week, China’s Foreign Affairs Vice-Minister in charge of African Affairs, Mr Zhai Jun, took a swipe at the interference, saying Zimbabwe was capable of handling its challenges. Sanctions were hurting the economy, he said.

"Zimbabweans can solve their own problems. We follow the principle that Zimbabwean people should solve Zimbabwe’s problems while Africans should solve Africa’s problems," said Mr Zhai.

Sanctions continue to frustrate all efforts to turn around the economy, with some multilateral and bilateral lending institutions demonstrating reluctance to do business with Zimbabwe.

However, the inclusive Government, he said, had the potential to foster development and prosperity in Zimbabwe.

China, Russia, and South Africa were among the countries that voted against a spirited campaign by the United States and Europe to have Zimbabwe put on the UN Security Council agenda and legally confirm the imposition of sanctions on Zimbabwe.

These three countries insisted that the Zimbabwe issue was not a threat to world peace and the UN had no business involving itself in the bilateral dispute between Britain and its former colony.

UN approved embargoes would have had devastating effects on a country already grappling with illegal sanctions. "We resolutely rejected sanctions on Zimbabwe at the United Nations and China will continue to help Zimbabwe in appealing to the international community to remove sanctions. "We will continue to provide moral and material support to Zimbabwe," he said.

The Vice Foreign Minister, who visited Zimbabwe last year, said he had held lengthy meetings with President Mugabe from which, he emerged more informed about developments in this country.

"We have excellent relations with Zimbabwe. I still recall very well the interactions I had with President Mugabe. I had a wonderful time in Zimbabwe. It is a beautiful country," he said.

Briefing African journalists attending a familiarisation programme, Mr Zhai said China would continue to strengthen its "profound traditional" relationship with Africa. "To strengthen friendship and co-operation with Africa forms an important part of China’s foreign policy and diplomacy. Our strategic partnership is based on mutual trust and win-win economic and political ties."

He said it was myopic for anyone to think that China was a big brother out to bulldoze Africa, saying relations between the two began decades ago "and not yesterday or the day before yesterday".

"No matter what the West will say, our co-operation with Africa is rooted in the past and in the future."

Strong relations between the Asian giant and Africa were made possible by similar historical backgrounds and the desire to achieve mutually beneficial partnerships. "If the West wants to help Africa, we have no problems with that. We will be happy to see the West help," said Mr Zhai.

He challenged journalists from Africa to bridge the communication gap.

"When we want to know about Africa and when Africa wants to know more about China, we depend on the Western media. This situation must change," he said.

On its part, China was implementing journalist exchange programmes with Africa and other developing regions to keep them abreast with developments in the Asian country.

At least 21 journalists from Africa and others from developing countries are on a 10-day tour of Beijing, Shanghai and other towns.

After meeting Deputy Prime Minister Thokozani Khupe, Ghana VP Mr Mahama said removal of sanctions would help Zimbabwe attain its full potential.

VP Mahama said his country was ready to support Harare in its economic recovery like it did during the liberation struggle. "We are following political developments in Zimbabwe. We know that there are sanctions imposed and we feel that they should be removed so that the country can embark on its developmental projects of empowering its people," said VP Mahama.


VP Nkomo calls for unity of purpose

Masvingo Bureau

Vice President John Landa Nkomo has called for unity of purpose among Zimbabweans saying the country was still at risk of losing its heritage and gains of the liberation struggle.

Addressing about 5 000 Zanu-PF supporters at Sarahuru Business Centre in Mwenezi last Saturday during belated celebrations to mark Zanu-PF’s victory in the district during the 2008 harmonised polls, VP Nkomo stressed the need for unity among Zimbabweans.

He said agents of regime change were still determined to depose Zanu-PF.

"There should be unity among Zimbabweans because we have got common history, this country came as a result of the blood that was spilt during the war of liberation.

"Therefore, we must work in unison and preserve the gains of the liberation. If we do not do that we risk losing our heritage.

"You are lucky in that we have a brave and courageous leader in President Mugabe and we should continue to support him. Let’s not walk behind him, but besides him," said VP Nkomo.

He showered praise on Zimbabweans for remaining resolute by defeating the regime change agenda that was being pushed by the country’s former coloniser.

"The regime change agenda has failed because you the people of Zimbabwe rejected to remove President Mugabe from office and instead you demanded your land.

"I urge you to continue defending your country, your resources and your land.

"We are free today, we are ourselves, we have democracy in Zimbabwe, not because of the imperialists, but because we fought for it," he said.

Turning to the land reform programme, VP Nkomo appealed for maximum use of land, adding that Zimbabweans were not supposed to listen to the attacks from the country’s detractors who were busy trying to divide people.

VP Nkomo said President Mugabe had managed to outlive his rivals as former US President George W. Bush and his British counterpart Tony Blair both left office before implementing their regime change agenda.

Speaking at the same function, Zanu-PF Politburo member, Dr Stan Mudenge hailed the people of Mwenezi for solidly supporting Zanu-PF as evidenced by the rejection of MDC formations in the 2008 harmonised polls.

Cde Mudenge paid tribute to the Zanu-PF presidium forincreasing Masvingo’s slots in the Politburo, a development that saw Mwenezi East legislator, Cde Kudakwashe Bhasikiti being appointed deputy secretary for Economic Affairs.

Politburo member Cde Dzikamai Mavhaire, Masvingo Governor Cde Titus Maluleke and other senior Zanu-PF members also toured Moria Farm near Rutenga Business Centre where Cde Bhasikiti is growing winter maize and venturing into horticulture.


Bennett offers to step aside

Herald Reporter

MDC-T treasurer-general and Deputy Agriculture Minister-designate, Senator Roy Bennett, has offered to relinquish the post he was offered by Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai reportedly to allow the inclusive Government to function normally.

He is out of custody on bail on banditry and terrorism charges he is facing in the High Court where judgment on his application for refusal of remand is expected today. Sen Bennett made the remarks in an interview with a British newspaper at his home yesterday.

"I was elected to my position by the people of Zimbabwe to serve them honestly and transparently so I have absolutely no problem where I serve. Certainly, I would hate a process to stop over individuals and personalities," he said. Sen Bennett then said he was willing to step aside to allow the inclusive Government to function properly.

"Certainly a single post should not stop that process moving forward. So if it meant step aside completely and not be involved and that would move the process forward towards a fresh election and towards democracy, I would be the first person to endorse that."

President Mugabe refused to swear-in Sen Bennett last year arguing he had to be cleared by the courts on the banditry and terrorism charges he is facing.

During President Jacob Zuma (Sadc-appointed facilitator)’s visit to Zimbabwe in February, there were indications that negotiators from all the parties had agreed to have Sen Bennett reassigned to another post following reservations raised by Zanu-PF over his suitability for the agriculture portfolio.

Zanu-PF raised concerns over Sen Bennett’s close links with Rhodesian elements opposed to the land reform programme as the reason why he could not be trusted in such an important portfolio.

MDC-T then denied that they had agreed to such a condition with the other parties.

The MDC-T spokesperson Mr Nelson Chamisa yesterday said his party’s position on the appointment of Sen Bennett remained the same despite his remarks in an interview with the British paper.

"The issues of appointments are not about individuals’ personal opinions. It is the party that deploys its cadres to different stations of services to the people. Consistent with that level of spirit we see no reason why Bennett should not serve in the position he was deployed by the party although we respect his personal opinion," Mr Chamisa said.

Temple University Hospital Nurses Win Strike

‘it’s about solidarity’

Temple nurses win strike

By Betsey Piette
Philadelphia
Published May 7, 2010 7:29 PM

Chanting, “Hey, hey, ho, ho, it’s back to work we go!” nurses and allied professional staff at Temple University Hospital returned to their jobs on April 30 after a successful strike that lasted more than four weeks. The nurses’ victory strikes a blow for organized labor in the Philadelphia area.

The jubilant workers were sent off by a small but enthusiastic rally of supporters and family members outside the hospital on North Broad Street in Philadelphia for the start of the 7 p.m. shift. To bolster their victory, the members of the Pennsylvania Staff Nurses and Allied Professionals (PASNAP) had the opportunity to jeer at scab workers who were leaving the hospital on luxury charter buses for the very last time. TUH had hired the scabs in an attempt to defeat the union.

Temple management had tried to use the economic crisis as a battering ram to force workers to take a concession-laden contract. The workers’ solidarity and their determination to stand up to the hospital’s blatant effort to break their union finally forced management to greatly improve what they had called their “last, best offer,” put on the table in September.

Another key factor contributing to the victory was the growing support from other unions and community organizations made evident in a major rally outside the hospital on April 21.

After weeks when management refused to bend, progress in negotiations started a few days after this rally. The result was a contract with most of the wage and benefit provisions sought by the union.

The final agreement also eliminated anti-union provisions sought by management. These included a “gag” clause that prevented nurses from speaking of problems in delivering care, an attempt to eliminate agency shop, and a proposal for separate contract term lengths for the nurses and the professional staff.

More than 50 workers, students and community activists, striking Temple workers and their family members attended an April 29 benefit in West Philadelphia to support the strike. Jobs with Justice, the Philadelphia International Action Center, the Bail Out the People Movement, the A-Space and Health Care NOW sponsored the action. This benefit, earlier aimed at collecting funds and supplies of diapers, canned goods, paper products and other items needed by strikers and their families, also ended up being a victory celebration.

Some 97 percent of the members approved the new contract, which also partially restored a tuition reimbursement benefit for workers’ dependents that management had eliminated from the existing contract in March 2009. This was the final sticking point on the last day of intense negotiations.

The strike of more than 1,500 workers began on March 31. During the strike, TUH management paid an estimated $5 million a week to a notorious strikebreaking company, Health Source Global Staffing, to secure replacement workers. These scabs’ salaries averaged $5,500 a week, plus transportation, housing, meals and security.

PASNAP has pointed out that what management spent in just two weeks of the strike would have covered all the additional costs of the four-year contract sought by the union.

Temple may owe unemployment benefits

Temple’s headache may not be over. Shortly after a contract was ratified on April 29, PASNAP executive director Bill Cruice announced that TUH “could be on the hook for a lot of money.” A wrinkle in Pennsylvania labor law might lead to a decision that the 28-day strike was a lockout by management. “It could amount to $1.5 million,” Cruice estimated.

When Temple University Hospital eliminated the tuition reimbursement benefit in 2009, PASNAP filed unfair labor practice charges with the Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board. PASNAP charged that TUH had to negotiate that kind of change since it was a benefit from an existing contract.

Although the union’s contract came to an end in September, its members continued to work. In January the Labor Relations Board ruled against the hospital, ordering them to pay refunds to eligible workers. Temple responded by appealing to the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court, asking for a stay with the Labor Relations Board. The court denied Temple’s request on March 16.

On March 26, after giving the hospital a strike notice one week earlier, Cruice informed management that the union would continue to work under the terms of their old contract as long it included the tuition benefit. Despite the labor board ruling, Temple management refused this request, an act the union claims constitutes a lockout under state law.

Up to the end of negotiations Temple’s management wanted the union to drop its opposition to the hospital’s appeal of the labor board’s ruling on the tuition reimbursement and agree not to seek back payment for workers, but PASNAP refused.

In the end TUH had to agree to set up a $550,000 account to fund back payments. In addition, it appears that PASNAP’s resilience led to hospital management announcing a new tuition benefit for the rest of the hospital’s 5,000-person staff.

Even as jubilant workers gathered to return to work on April 30, Temple University Hospital’s management tried to get in one last jab by issuing an edict that workers could not wear union buttons or t-shirts with the PASNAP logo once they entered the building. Union president Maureen May counseled members to keep their buttons on.

“Wear them and if asked to take them off, ask if refusal to do so could result in disciplinary action,” May said. “If they say yes, take them off, but notify the union and we will file an unfair labor practice.

“It’s not about a pin,” May told her members, “It’s about union solidarity and we will win!”
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Look Out, Obama Seems to Be Planning for a Lot More War

Look Out, Obama Seems to Be Planning for a Lot More War

By Jack A Smith, Asia Times
Posted on May 8, 2010
http://www.alternet.org/story/146787/

There's more war in America's future - a great deal more, judging by the Barack Obama administration's reports, pronouncements and actions in recent months.

These documents and deeds include the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), the Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), the Ballistic Missile Defense Report, the nuclear security summit in New York and the May 3-28 United Nations nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty review conference, as well as the continuing wars in the Middle East and Central Asia, and the 2011 Pentagon war budget request.

The United States government presides as a military colossus of unrivalled dimension, but the QDR, which was published in February, suggests Washington views America as being constantly under the threat of attack from a multitude of fearsome forces bent on its destruction. As such, trillions more dollars must be invested in present and future wars - ostensibly to make safe the besieged homeland.

The NPR says the long-range US goal is a "nuclear-free" world, but despite token reductions in its arsenal of such weapons, the Pentagon is strengthening its nuclear force and bolstering it with a devastating "conventional deterrent" intended to strike any target in the world within one hour. In addition this document, published in April, retains "hair-trigger" nuclear launch readiness, refuses to declare its nuclear force is for deterrence only (suggesting offensive use) and for the first time authorizes a nuclear attack, if necessary, on a non-nuclear state (Iran).

Meanwhile, Obama is vigorously expanding the George W Bush administration's wars, and enhancing and deploying America's unparalleled military power.

The Obama administration's one positive achievement in terms of militarism and war was the April 9 signing in Prague of the new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with Russia that reduces deployed strategic nuclear weapons to 1,550 warheads each. It was a step forward, but all agree it was extremely modest, and it does not even faintly diminish the danger of nuclear war.

The QDR is a 128-page Defense Department report mandated by congress to be compiled every four years to put forward a 20-year projection of US military planning. A 20-member civilian panel, selected by the Pentagon and congress, analyzes the document and suggests changes in order to provide an "independent" perspective. Eleven of the members, including the panel’s co-chairmen - former defense secretary William Perry and former national security adviser Stephen Hadley - are employed by the defense industry.

Although the Pentagon is working on preparations for a possible World War III and beyond, the new report is largely focused on the relatively near future and only generalizes about the longer term. Of the QDR's many priorities three stand out.

The first priority is to "prevail in today's wars" in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Yemen and wherever else Washington's post-9/11 military intrusions penetrate in coming years. Introducing the report February 1, Bush-Obama Defense Secretary Robert Gates issued this significant statement: "Success in wars to come will depend on success in these wars in progress." The "wars to come" were not identified. Further, the QDR states that military victory in Iraq and Afghanistan is "only the first step toward achieving our strategic objectives".

Second, while in the past the US concentrated on the ability to fight two big wars simultaneously, the QDR suggests that's not enough. Now, the Obama administration posits the "need for a robust force capable of protecting US interests against a multiplicity of threats, including two capable nation-state aggressors."

Now it's two-plus wars - the plus being the obligation to "conduct large-scale counter-insurgency, stability and counter-terrorism operations in a wide range of environments", mainly in small, poor countries like Afghanistan. Other "plus" targets include "non-state actors" such as al-Qaeda, "failed states" such as Somali, and medium-size but well-defended states that do not bend the knee to Uncle Sam, such as Iran or the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and some day perhaps Venezuela.

Third, it's fairly obvious from the QDR, though not acknowledged, that the Obama government believes China and Russia are the two possible "nation-state aggressors" against which Washington must prepare to "defend" itself. Neither Beijing nor Moscow has taken any action to justify the Pentagon's assumption that they will ever be suicidal enough to attack the far more powerful United States.

After all, the US, with 4.54% of the world's population, invests more on war and war preparations than the rest of the world combined. Obama's 2010 Pentagon budget is US$680 billion, but the real total is double that when all Washington's national security expenditures in other departmental budgets are also included, such as the cost of nuclear weapons, the 16 intelligence agencies, Homeland Security and interest on war debts, among other programs.

Annual war-related expenditures are well over $1 trillion. In calling for a discretionary freeze on government programs in January's state of the union address, Obama specifically exempted Pentagon/national security expenditures from the freeze. Obama is a big war spender. His $708 billion Pentagon allotment for fiscal 2011 (not counting a pending $33 billion Congress will approve for the Afghan "surge") exceeds Bush's highest budget of $651 billion for fiscal 2009.

At present, US military power permeates the entire world. As the QDR notes: "The United States is a global power with global responsibilities. Including operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, approximately 400,000 US military personnel are forward-stationed or rotationally deployed around the world."

The Pentagon presides over 1,000 overseas military bases (including those in the war zones), great fleets in every ocean, a globe-spanning air force, military satellites in space and nuclear missiles on hair trigger alert pre-targeted on "enemy" or potential "enemy" cities and military facilities. A reading of the QDR shows none of this will change except for upgrading, enlarging (the Pentagon just added six new bases in Colombia) and adding new systems such as Prompt Global Strike, an important new offensive weapon system, which we shall discuss below.

The phrase "full spectrum military dominance" - an expression concocted by the neo-conservatives in the 1990s that was adopted by the Bush administration to define its aggressive military strategy - was cleverly not included in the 2010 QDR, but retaining and augmenting dominance remains the Pentagon's prime preoccupation.

The QDR is peppered with expressions such as "America’s interests and role in the world require armed forces with unmatched capabilities" and calls for "the continued dominance of America’s Armed Forces in large-scale force-on-force warfare". Gates went further in his February 1 press conference: "The United States needs a broad portfolio of military capabilities, with maximum versatility across the widest possible spectrum of conflicts." Obama bragged recently that he commanded "the finest military in the history of the world".

Evidently, the Pentagon is planning to engage in numerous future wars interrupted by brief periods of peace while preparing for the next war. Given that the only entity expressing an interest in attacking the United States is al-Qaeda - a non-government paramilitary organization of extreme religious fanatics with about a thousand reliable active members around the world - it is obvious that America's unprecedented military might is actually intended for another purpose.

In our view that "other purpose" is geopolitical - to strengthen even further the Pentagon's military machine to assure that the United States retains its position as the dominant
global hegemon at a time of acute indebtedness, the severe erosion of its manufacturing base, near gridlock in domestic politics, and the swift rise to global prominence of several other nations and blocs.

The QDR touches on this with admirable delicacy: "The distribution of global political, economic and military power is shifting and becoming more diffuse. The rise of China, the world’s most populous country, and India, the world’s largest democracy, will continue to reshape the international system. While the United States will remain the most powerful actor, it must increasingly cooperate with key allies and partners to build and sustain peace and security. Whether and how rising powers fully integrate into the global system will be among this century’s defining questions, and are thus central to America’s interests."

At the moment, the QDR indicates Washington is worried about foreign "anti-access" strategies that limit its "power projection capabilities" in various parts of the world. What this means is that certain countries such as China and Russia are developing sophisticated new weapons that match those of the US, thus "impeding" the deployment of American forces to wherever the Pentagon desires.

For instance: China is developing and fielding large numbers of advanced medium-range ballistic and cruise missiles, new attack submarines equipped with advanced weapons, increasingly capable long-range air defense systems, electronic warfare and computer network attack capabilities, advanced fighter aircraft and counter-space systems. China has shared only limited information about the pace, scope and ultimate aims of its military modernization programs, raising a number of legitimate questions regarding its long-term intentions.

To counter this trend in China and elsewhere, the Pentagon is planning, at a huge and unannounced cost, the following enhancements: "Expand future long-range strike capabilities; Exploit advantages in subsurface operations; Increase the resiliency of US forward posture and base infrastructure; Assure access to space and the use of space assets; Enhance the robustness of key ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) capabilities; Defeat enemy sensors and engagement systems; and Enhance the presence and responsiveness of US forces abroad."

In addition, the US not only targets China with nuclear missiles and bombs, it is surrounding the country (and Russia as well, of course) with anti-ballistic missiles. The purpose is plain: In case the US finds it "necessary" to launch ballistic missiles toward China, the ABMs will be able to destroy its limited retaliatory capacity.

According to an article in the February 22 issue of China Daily, the country's English-language newspaper: "Washington appears determined to surround China with US-built anti-missile systems, military scholars have observed ... Air force colonel Dai Xu, a renowned military strategist, wrote in an article released this month that 'China is in a crescent-shaped ring of encirclement. The ring begins in Japan, stretches through nations in the South China Sea to India, and ends in Afghanistan'."

Compared to the Bush administration's 2006 QDR, there has been a conscious effort to tone down the anti-China rhetoric in the current document. But it is entirely clear that China is number one in the QDR's references to "potentially hostile nation states".

According to the February 18 Defense News, a publication that serves the military-industrial complex, "Analysts say the QDR attempts to address the threat posed by China without further enraging Beijing. 'If you look at the list of further enhancements to US forces and capabilities ... those are primarily capabilities needed for defeating China, not Iran, North Korea or Hezbollah,' said Roger Cliff, a China military specialist at Rand. 'So even though not a lot of time is spent naming China ... analysis of the China threat is nonetheless driving a lot of the modernization programs described in the QDR'."

Incidentally, according to the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, this year's Chinese defense budget, for a country four times larger than the United States, is $78 billion, compared to the $664 billion for the Pentagon (without all the national security extras harbored in other department budgets). China possesses 100-200 nuclear warheads compared to America's 9,326 (when both deployed and stored weapons are included). China is contemplating the construction of an aircraft carrier; the US Navy floats 11 of them. China has no military bases abroad.

In our view, China appears to be constructing weapons for defense, not offense against the US - and its foreign policy is based on refusing to be pushed around by Washington while doing everything possible to avoid a serious confrontation.

Russia as well is treated better in the new QDR than in 2006, but it is included with China in most cases. Despite Moscow's huge nuclear deterrent and abundant oil and gas supplies, it's only "potential enemy" number two in terms of the big powers. Washington feels more threatened by Beijing. This is largely because of China's size, rapid development, fairly successful state-guided capitalist economy directed by the Communist Party, and the fact that it is on the road to becoming the world's economic leader, surpassing the US in 20 to 40 years.

It seems fairly obvious, but hardly mentioned publicly, that this is an extremely dangerous situation. China does not seek to dominate the world, nor will it allow itself to be dominated. Beijing supports the concept of a multipolar world order, with a number of countries and blocs playing roles. At issue, perhaps, is who will be first among equals.

Washington prefers the situation that has existed these 20 years after the implosion of the Soviet Union and much of the socialist world left the United States as the remaining military superpower and boss of the expanded capitalist bloc. During this time Washington has functioned as the unipolar world hegemon and doesn't want to relinquish the title.

This is all changing now as other countries rise, led by China, and the US appears to be in gradual decline. How the transition to multi-polarity is handled over the next couple of decades may determine whether or not a disastrous war will be avoided.

Jack A Smith is editor of the Hudson Valley Activist Newsletter in New York State and the former editor of the Guardian Newsweekly (US). He may be reached at jacdon@earthlink.net

President Obama Asks Graduates to Close Education Gap

May 9, 2010

Obama Asks Graduates to Close Education Gap

By JACKIE CALMES

HAMPTON, Va. — For the first time as president, Barack Obama on Sunday delivered a commencement address to a historically black college, Hampton University, telling graduates that they have “a separate responsibility” to become mentors to other young African-Americans to help close a persistent gap in educational achievement.

Mr. Obama, clad in a “Hampton blue” robe, said the 1,072 graduates were better poised to enter an economy still recovering from recession and facing global competition than Americans without a college degree, who have an unemployment rate twice as high as those with one.

“I don’t have to tell you that too many folks back home aren’t as well prepared,” he said. “By any number of different yardsticks, African-Americans are being outperformed by their white classmates, as are Hispanic-Americans. Students in well-off areas are outperforming students in poorer rural or urban communities, no matter what skin color. Globally, it’s not even close.”

Mr. Obama said all Americans have a responsibility “to change this, to offer every single child in this country an education that will make them competitive in our knowledge economy.” But, he told the graduates, “all of you have a separate responsibility — to be role models for your brothers and sisters, to be mentors in your communities and, when the time comes, to pass that sense of an education’s value down to your children.”

Recalling Hampton University’s start as a trade and agricultural school for freed slaves after the Civil War in a state that had outlawed education for blacks, Mr. Obama said the founders of the school and others like it “knew, of course, that inequality would persist long into the future.”

“But they also recognized the larger truth, a distinctly American truth,” he said. “They recognized, class of 2010, that the right education might allow those barriers to be overcome, might allow our God-given potential to be fulfilled.”

Mr. Obama, a product of two Ivy League universities, Columbia and Harvard, was enthusiastically received by an audience that packed the field and bleachers of the school’s stadium on a sunny, breezy morning. He spoke a day after his wife, Michelle, an alumna of Princeton, addressed graduates at another historically black college, the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff.

William R. Harvey, Hampton’s president for 32 years, noted Mr. Obama’s historic achievement as the first African-American president. He gave him a seedling from the university’s Emancipation Oak, under which former slaves who had sought refuge at a Union fortress were educated by a free black woman in violation of Virginia law in 1861, seven years before Hampton was founded.

To applause, Dr. Harvey said Mr. Obama promised that the seedling would be planted at the White House.

In his remarks, Mr. Obama reiterated a theme of his graduation address the previous weekend at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor — that an often-argumentative and politically polarizing media culture posed a threat to democracy without well-educated citizens with open minds.

“Information becomes a distraction, a diversion, a form of entertainment, rather than a tool of empowerment, rather than a means of emancipation,” Mr. Obama said. “So all of this is not only putting pressure on you, it is putting new pressure on our country and on our democracy.”

Chicago-area Middle Class Lost Most Jobs in the Recession, Study Says

www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-met-census-jobs-study-20100509,0,5623488.story

chicagotribune.com

Chicago-area middle class lost most jobs in the recession, study says

Brookings study finds that the greater Chicago area's middle class has been hit hardest with wage losses over the last decade

By Dahleen Glanton, Tribune reporters
6:31 PM CDT, May 9, 2010

The greater Chicago area's economy over the last decade took a heavy toll on middle-income workers who lost jobs because of the recession, according to a study of census data released Sunday by the Brookings Institution.

The middle-wage workers in the Chicago area and parts of Indiana and Wisconsin earned $19.58 per hour in 2008, down 8.1 percent from 2000, Brookings found in an evaluation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey.

The Chicago area now ranks 96th among the nation's 100 largest metropolitan areas in terms of wage loss among middle-income workers.

The Census data, collected over the last 10 years, paint a picture of how large metropolitan areas, where two-thirds of the American population lives, will impact the country as it redefines itself after the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression and as the population becomes more diverse.

The area includes Chicago and its collar counties, four Indiana counties and Kenosha, Wis. The statistics, however, primarily reflect the largest cities: Chicago, Naperville and Joliet.

"Chicago has a big and diverse economy and a very regional economy, so it is one of the strongest in the Great Lakes region," said Audrey Singer, a senior fellow at Brookings and co-author of the "State of Metropolitan America" study. "But the decline of wages among working-class families is a reflection of the local economy and where these workers may have been pushed out (of work)."

In Chicago, officials said the most job losses occurred during the last two to three years, during the recession. Like most major cities, the recession has affected jobs that sustained the middle class, such as construction and related industries, the service industry, manufacturing and real estate, officials said.

Illinois lost 387,200 non-farm-related jobs between 2000 and 2009 — 293,000 of them in manufacturing — according to the Illinois Department of Employment Security.

"This is more of a middle-class recession," said Rita Athas, president of World Business Chicago, a public-private partnership that serves as the city of Chicago's economic development arm. "The recession has hit everyone. But a lot of the job losses tend to be middle management."

In an effort to boost employment opportunities for middle-class workers in technology-related fields, the city will begin a pilot program May 17 designed to retrain white-collar workers who have been laid off from jobs in which they earned $40,000 to $80,000, Athas said.

"These are people who have been hardworking, have had long careers but did not have access to technology training needed for new jobs," Athas said.

Chicago continues to be attractive to companies looking for a diverse labor force, city officials said. According to the study, the area maintained its diverse status with a population that is 44 percent nonwhite. That percentage rose to 65 percent for the three major cities in the area, including Chicago.

Chicago, however, lost its No. 2 ranking in African-American population to Atlanta, which has become a magnet for blacks because of its lower cost of living and strong economy, Singer said. New York remains the city with the most African-Americans.

dglanton@tribune.com

Who Draws the Borders of Culture?

May 4, 2010

Who Draws the Borders of Culture?

By MICHAEL KIMMELMAN
New York Times
London

IT was gridlock in the British Museum the other morning as South African teenagers, Japanese businessmen toting Harrods bags, and a busload of German tourists — the usual crane-necked, camera-flashing babel of visitors — formed scrums before the Rosetta Stone, which Egyptian authorities just lately have again demanded that Britain return to Egypt. From the Egyptian rooms the crowds shuffled past the Assyrian gates from Balawat (Iraq is another country pleading for lost antiquities) and past the Roman statue of the crouching Aphrodite (ditto Italy), then headed toward the galleries containing what are known in Britain as the Elgin marbles (but in Greece as the Parthenon marbles, or simply booty), where passers-by plucked pamphlets from a rack.

The British Museum is Europe’s Western front in the global war over cultural patrimony, on account of the marbles. The pamphlets give the museum’s version for why they should stay in Britain, as they have for two centuries — ever since Lord Elgin, the British ambassador to the Sublime Porte at Constantinople, and with the consent of the ruling Ottomans (not to mention a blithe disregard for whatever may have been the wishes of the Greek populace), spirited them from the Acropolis in Athens. The pamphlet stresses that the British Museum is free and attracts millions of visitors every year from around the world, making the sculptures available to, and putting them in the context of, a wide swath of human civilization.

For their part the Greeks, before their economy collapsed, finally opened the long-delayed New Acropolis Museum last year to much fanfare: it’s an up-to-date facility, forbidding and frankly ugly outside, but airy and light-filled inside, a home-in-waiting for the marbles, whose absence is clearly advertised by bone-white plaster casts of what Elgin took, alongside yellowed originals that he left behind. The view through a broad picture window, eloquent but baleful under the circumstances, looks onto the ruined Parthenon, playing on visitors’ heartstrings. Greeks deem the museum a slam-dunk argument for the marbles’ return.

It’s definitely compelling.

But the British still make the better case.

Siding with the imperialists drives good people bonkers, I know. It’s akin to Yankees worship, with the Greeks playing the underdog role of the old Red Sox. That said, patrimony claims too often serve merely nationalist ends these days, no less often than they do decent ones, never mind that the archaeological and legal arguments by the Greeks, while elaborately reasoned and passionately felt, don’t finally trump the British ones.

Mostly, though, the issue comes down to the fact that culture, while it can have deeply rooted, special meanings to specific people, doesn’t belong to anyone in the grand scheme of things. It doesn’t stand still. When Walter Benjamin wrote in the last century about the original or authentic work of art losing its aura, he was in part suggesting that the past is not something we can just return to whenever we like — it’s not something fixed and always available. It’s something forever beyond our grasp, which we must reinvent to make present.

Today’s Acropolis is itself a kind of fiction. Over the centuries and through succeeding empires and regimes, it became Christian and Turkish, and briefly Venetian, after it had been Roman. The Parthenon was a pagan temple, a church, a mosque, an arms depot (disastrously, under the Turks) and even a place from which the Nazis hung a big swastika flag whose removal by Greek patriots helped spur a resistance movement. Modernity has mostly stripped the site of all those layers of history to recover a Periclean-era past that represents, because it has come to mean the most to us, its supposed true self — a process of archeological excavation, based on another modern kind of fiction about historical and scientific objectivity that inevitably adds its own layer of history.

One of the paradoxes of the marbles debate is that it was precisely their removal to London, and all the anguish and furor and archaeological interest and study this provoked, starting with Hellenophiles like Lord Byron heaping scorn on Elgin and fellow Britons, that helped galvanize the Greeks’ own sense of national identity and their pride in the Parthenon sculptures. Now the Greek government has even chosen to name its consolidation plan to combat the economic collapse after an architect of the Parthenon, Kallikrates.

But the general question, looting and tourist dollars aside, is why should any objects necessarily reside in the modern nation-state controlling the plot of land where, at one time, perhaps thousands of years earlier, they came from? The question goes to the heart of how culture operates in a global age.

The Greek proposal that Britain fork over Elgin’s treasures has never involved actually putting the sculptures back onto the Parthenon, which started crumbling long before he showed up. The marbles would go from one museum into another, albeit one much closer. The Greeks argue for proximity, not authenticity. Their case has always been more abstract, not strictly about restoration but about historical reparations, pride and justice. It is more nationalistic and symbolic.

Over the centuries, meanwhile, bits and pieces of the Parthenon have ended up in six different countries, in the way that countless altars and other works of art have been split up and dispersed among private collectors and museums here and there. To the Greeks the Parthenon marbles may be a singular cause, but they’re like plenty of other works that have been broken up and disseminated. The effect of this vandalism on the education and enlightenment of people in all the various places where the dismembered works have landed has been in many ways democratizing.

That’s not an excuse for looting. It’s simply to recognize that art, differently presented, abridged, whatever, can speak in myriad contexts. It’s resilient and spreads knowledge and sympathy across borders. Ripped from its origins, it loses one set of meanings, to gain others.

Laws today fortunately prevent pillaging sites like the Acropolis. But they stop short of demanding that every chopped-up altar by Rubens, Fra Angelico or whomever now be pieced together and returned to the churches and families and institutions for which they were first intended. For better and worse, history moves on.

The Elgin marbles, from the cultural crossroads of imperial London, reshaped cultural history over the course of the last 200 years by giving rise to neo-Classicism around the globe. Or perhaps it is more precise to say that the Parthenon marbles, by virtue of their presence both in Athens and London, helped spread that movement along with sympathy for the Greeks’ cause.

Americans, excepting Indians, may find this whole issue hard to grasp. We don’t tend to think in terms of American cultural patrimony, save perhaps for the Liberty Bell or the Brooklyn Bridge, because we’re an immigrant nation worshipful of the free market. Demanding the return of American art and artifacts to America sounds, well, un-American, not to mention bad for the bottom line. We are too diverse in our roots, too focused on the present, too historically amnesiac and individualistic (not to mention rich) to worry overly about a collective culture or who might own it.

And in the end patrimony is about ownership, often of objects that as in the marbles’ case, come from bygone civilizations. What, in this context, does it really mean to own culture?

Italy recently celebrated the return of a national treasure after the Metropolitan Museum gave back a sixth-century B.C. Greek krater by the painter Euphronius that tomb robbers dug up outside Rome during the 1970s. Stolen property is stolen property. But how curious that an ancient Greek vase, which centuries after it was made came into the possession of an Etruscan collector (a kind of ancient Elgin) living on what is now the outskirts of Rome, and then ended up buried for thousands of years below what became modern Italy, is today Italian cultural patrimony. By that definition, Elgin’s loot is arguably British patrimony.

It’s not coincidental that conflicts over patrimony have accelerated in recent decades thanks to globalizing trends: the increasing circulation of information along with objects and money — consequences of the Web, jet travel and mass tourism — and the evolution of institutions like the British Museum from sleepy, scholarly repositories of artifacts into entertainment palaces and virtual town squares. Authorities in countries like Greece, having seen the escalating economic and symbolic value of works like the marbles, have naturally sought to take advantage.

It isn’t to belittle a deep-seated connection to such works to point out that claimants to far-flung patrimony may have various motives. When Zahi Hawass, Egypt’s chief archaeologist, who made the recent fuss about the Rosetta Stone, also demanded that Germany hand over Nerfertiti, the 3,500-year-old bust of Akhenaten’s wife, he chose the moment when the Neues Museum in Berlin opened with the bust as its main attraction.

This was just after Farouk Hosny, Egypt’s candidate to run Unesco, the United Nations cultural agency, was defeated in a vote that Egyptian leaders considered a diplomatic slap. Mr. Hawass used Egypt’s only real weapon on the international stage, its cultural patrimony, to lash out by proxy at the perceived enemies of Mr. Hosny’s candidacy and pander to the wounded egos of Egypt’s ruling elite.

It was a public relations gambit. Practically speaking, Egypt had to know there was no immediate shot at getting Nerfertiti back. The sculpture served in a passing form of political theater common these days, with Egypt playing plucky David to the West’s Goliath.

Patrimony debates often end up in this moral fog of shifting geopolitics. The world was outraged when the National Museum in Iraq was looted after the war there started. But almost nobody (outside Germany, anyway) cares today whether Russia returns storerooms of treasures it stole at the end of World War II. Nigeria holds the moral high ground in demanding the return of sculptures burgled from that country’s beleaguered museums, even though insiders were often complicit in the crimes.

And after the Taliban destroyed a Buddhist temple and burned centuries-old illuminated manuscripts, hardly anybody outside the country blinked when Unesco refused to authorize shipments of artifacts from Afghanistan to Switzerland because the move violated international rules against the removal of “national patrimony” — and also because nobody was really paying much attention to that region yet.

Then Taliban inspectors pulverized priceless treasures before the eyes of helpless Afghan curators and blew up the Bamiyan Buddhas in obedience to Mullah Omar’s edict against the existence of pre-Islamic art. Only then did people in the West wake up and Unesco reconsider its position. Too late.

In the Parthenon’s case the Greek actress Melina Mercouri kicked off the modern repatriation push during the 1980s as part of the nationalist program of a Greek leader, Andreas Papandreou, whose slogan was “Greece for the Greeks.” What started in conjunction with a political campaign then evolved into a genuine street movement. Dimitris Pandermalis, the New Acropolis Museum’s director, told me before the museum opened last year that the Elgin marbles’ return “unifies us,” meaning the Greek people, although surveys show that few of them actually bother to visit the Acropolis after grade school, while antique sites rivaling the Parthenon in archaeological significance often go neglected across Greece. As I said, it’s ultimately about nationalism and symbolism.

So be it. That’s why Greek authorities always decline diplomatic solutions like sharing the marbles or asking for their loan. They assume any loan request would legitimize Britain’s ownership. The principle is high minded. What results is, in effect, nothing, which doesn’t diminish the Greeks’ connection with the missing marbles.

But as the Princeton philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah has cautioned about the whole patrimony question: “We should remind ourselves of other connections. One connection — the one neglected in talk of cultural patrimony — is the connection not through identity but despite difference.”

What he means is that people make connections across cultures through objects like the marbles. These objects can become handmaidens for ideologues, instruments for social division and tools of the economy, or cicerones through history and oracles to a more perfect union of nations. Art is something made in a particular place by particular people, and may serve a particular function at one time but obtain different meanings at other times. It summons distinct feelings to those for whom it’s local, but ultimately belongs to everyone and to no one.

We’re all custodians of global culture for posterity.

Neither today’s Greeks nor Britons own the Parthenon marbles, really.

Exit Polls Predict Merkel Defeat in Federal State Election

Exit polls predict Merkel defeat in federal state election

By Quentin Peel in Berlin
Financial Times
May 9 2010 17:45

Angela Merkel, the German chancellor, was facing a bruising defeat on Sunday in a critical federal state election, as the polls closed in a fiercely fought race in North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state in Germany.

Exit polls predicted a victory for the “red-green” alliance of Social Democrats and Greens over Ms Merkel’s “black-yellow” coalition of Christian Democrats and Free Democrats. The result, if confirmed, would give the red-green combination just enough seats to form a stable government, according to the poll on the ZDF television channel.

The clearest signal was a sharp drop in the vote for the chancellor’s own party, down from 44 per cent to 34 per cent of the poll since the last election in 2005, according to the ZDF poll.

The vote for both of the major parties – CDU and SPD – was down, suggesting that the SPD failed to benefit from the vote against their main rivals.

The clearest winners of the night were the environmentalist Greens, with a vote predicted at 12.5 per cent, and the radical left Linke party, looking set to enter the state parliament with 5.5 per cent. The liberal FDP, Ms Merkel’s allies in the federal government, failed to improve their score above 6.5 per cent.

The good performance of the Greens was the decisive factor in giving “red-green” a clear lead, but the success of the Linke could deny the two parties a majority. Ms Merkel and her coalition allies have been warning repeatedly that the result could produce a “red-red-green” coalition, bringing the Linke into the government of a big federal state in western Germany for the first time.

The poll is seen as a mini-general election in Germany, and the first chance for voters to pass judgment since Ms Merkel won a clear victory for her coalition in Berlin last September.

Public controversy over Germany’s participation in a massive €22.4bn loan to Greece – approved by the government only days before the poll – seems to have hit support for the “black-yellow” alliance, which currently forms the government in Düsseldorf, the NRW state capital, as well as Berlin. Otherwise the campaign was dominated by local issues such as education.

If Ms Merkel’s coalition loses, it will also lose its majority in the Bundesrat, the upper house of parliament in Berlin, making legislation more complex to negotiate with opposition as well as government supporters.

In effect, it would mean the federal government having to abandon plans for any significant tax cuts in this parliamentary term, as well as giving up on any hopes to extend the working life of its nuclear power stations beyond 2020. Health reform would also become a matter of cross-party negotiation.

If the CDU does as badly as the exit polls suggest, it could fuel inner party criticism of the chancellor from conservatives, who believe she has taken the party too far into the centre ground of German politics.

However many political analysts believe that Ms Merkel may actually prefer to govern with an effective “grand coalition” in Berlin, being forced to negotiate with the SPD and Greens as well as her own coalition partners. She has struggled to forge an easy partnership with the FDP, which has left the coalition looking disunited.

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Zimbabwe Leaders Call for Lifting of Economic Sanctions

Zimbabwe leaders' sanction appeal

Zimbabwe's three leading figures have condemned international sanctions on the country at a World Economic Forum conference in Tanzania.

In a rare show of unity, President Robert Mugabe, Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai and his deputy Arthur Mutambara appealed for investment.

Only Mr Tsvangirai had been expected to represent Zimbabwe at the forum in Dar es Salaam.

But President Mugabe and Mr Mutambara made a surprise appearance.

Despite the history of conflict, the three men put on a civil front, though Mr Mutambara did not resist a rather barbed reference to having gone to a previous World Economic Forum from a prison cell, says the BBC's Andrew Walker, who is in Dar es Salaam.

The Zimbabwean leaders were speaking to an audience with a large business contingent.

ZIMBABWE SANCTIONS

•EU: 2002 to present Assets freeze and travel ban on some Mugabe allies, arms-sale ban
•US: 2003 to present Trade ban against 250 Zimbabwean individuals and 17 companies
•Other countries Canada, Australia and UK among nations to have imposed their own targeted sanctions Sources: EU, Reuters, US treasury, UK Foreign Office
Several of them welcomed the show of unity and the more stable economic environment that Zimbabwe now has, our correspondent says.

But there were also some concerns expressed about how durable the improvement will be, he adds.

Mr Tsvangirai said his country no longer represented a risk to investors.

"The political crisis does no longer exist.

"The country is making progress and it's time that investors started looking at Zimbabwe from a different perspective," he was quoted by Reuters news agency as saying.

Mr Mugabe reiterated the call for an end to sanctions.

"Why the sanctions should be imposed on us we don't understand to tell you the truth, and this from Europe and America and not from the rest of the world," he said.

If the three leaders were here to give an invitation to investors, their joint appearance may have helped a little, our correspondent says.

Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/8665412.stm
Published: 2010/05/06 16:17:29 GMT

Swift and Bloody: The Taliban's Revenge

May 9, 2010

Swift and bloody: the Taliban’s revenge

Rebels have returned to terrorise a former stronghold with shootings and beatings, raising doubts about America’s ability to secure Kandahar

Marie Colvin, in Marjah, Afghanistan
London Times

The sniper’s aim was merciless. Lieutenant Brandon Barrett was shovelling sand into bags to fortify his post in the Helmand town of Marjah when a Taliban gunman slotted a bullet between armoured vehicles pulled around for protection, hitting him in the chest.

Although the sun was setting and the fierce heat of the day had softened, it was still hot and Barrett and LanceCorporal Marcus Lounello had taken off their flak jackets as they worked.

The sniper’s second bullet hit Lounello in the chest.

The call came in to the US marines’ forward operating base (FOB) Marjah at 6pm last Wednesday: “Two down, gunshot wounds to the chest, non-responsive.”

Barrett, 27 and unmarried, from Indiana, was dead before the medical team reached them. Lounello, 21, lost a kidney, his spleen and part of his diaphragm but will survive.

“It’s surreal,” Captain Tony Zinni, Barrett’s commanding officer in the 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, said yesterday outside his tented office on a barren base. “I keep expecting him to walk around the corner, big smile on his face.”

Barrett had been running a post that checked traffic coming in and out of Marjah, a former Taliban stronghold that was taken by the marines and their Afghan allies with an overwhelming show of force in February. A small, wiry officer, he was a favourite at FOB Marjah at the centre of the market town.

Zinni held his emotions in check as he described his last visit to Barrett’s post. “It was a really boring duty but he was good about it,” Zinni said, smiling at the memory.

Some elders arrived and Barrett had chatted to them. “I said where the hell did you learn Pashto,” Zinni recalled. Barrett had been visiting the neighbourhood’s elders, trying to win them round, learning words and phrases.

Zinni thinks the lieutenant was targeted and it makes him angry. “Everyone in the block knew him, knew he was the officer,” the captain said. Barrett had 60 days left in Afghanistan. His was the first death in Marjah for the battalion’s weapons company.

That night Zinni gathered Barrett’s platoon for what he said had been one of his toughest moments in his 10 years in the Marine Corps. One of the men still had blood on his trousers.

The 41 soldiers had been together since they were at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, where Barrett held weekend parties at his beach house. He would dress up as a penguin with aviator sunglasses and a cigar to make people laugh. There were only tears last week.

“I don’t even know what to say to you. Our loss is so great,” Zinni said. “But I do know that Barrett would have wanted us to make a success of this mission.”

Last week was the worst in living memory for weapons company, the first unit to enter Marjah on D-Day, February 13.

Hours before the sniper killed Barrett, another 13-man squad in the company had been walking down a dusty street in the fierce morning heat, spread out on either side of the road so that only one of them would die if anyone stepped on an improvised explosive device (IED), when an insurgent jumped out from behind a building 40 yards ahead and fired three shots.

One bullet hit Lance-Corporal Matthew Hunter, the point man, in the stomach, just below his flak jacket. The second skidded around the armoured vest of a lucky Lance- Corporal Kyle Schneider, leaving him uninjured. Hunter, known in the squad for his 60 socks, which he would wear for two days and then discard, was seriously injured but survived.

On Thursday a member of the elite Afghan National Civil Order Police, which works side by side with the marines, was also shot and killed. The unidentified officer had arrived at FOB Marjah only two days earlier, determined to get his men out of the checkpoints and onto the streets.

Marjah was supposed to be safe. When 5,000 marines and their Afghan national army partners rolled in to oust the Taliban who had ruled the town for almost three years, the fighting lasted just two weeks.

“If you go to Marjah today, you will find a city that is free of the Taliban, that has schools that are open, a marketplace, a bazaar,” Major-General Richard Mills, commander of the US Marine Corps in Afghanistan, said just last month.

Marjah has indeed improved. The idea was to set up “security bubbles”, to get the economy and normal life going inside them in the hope that at some point the locals would throw in their lot with the government. Major David Fennell, a civil affairs officer for the marines, explained that his men had moved as soon as the fighting eased.

“We decided to get in there immediately and spend money. To use money as a weapon system,” Fennell said. He started a project paying $5 (£3.40) a day to clean the canals. Only a few nervous locals turned up on the first day, but when cash started to flow, 1,000 workers soon came on board, defying Taliban threats.

Contractors are now engaged in what the marines call “quick impact projects” — bridges, wells, mosque restorations, anything that shows tangible improvement.

Last week hundreds flocked to the unpainted concrete villa that is the district government’s headquarters, a building said to have been commandeered from a local drug lord.

Some farmers received cash in hand for destroying their poppy crop. Others pushed new wheelbarrows full of cheaply purchased mung beans, alfalfa seeds and huge 50kg (110lb) bags of fertiliser. Down the street the stalls of the once shuttered Loy Chareh bazaar lined the street with wooden crates spilling okra, tomatoes, chilli peppers, mint, watermelon.

All that progress is threatened by the Taliban “surge”. There were always fears that they would re-emerge, bolstered by poppy taxes levied from farmers. But nobody expected their return to be so swift and bloody.

My first night in Marjah had left little doubt that the Taliban were back. On Tuesday I walked out of FOB Marjah with a weapons company squad charged with “rolling up” an IED-maker called Izra, or “signature” in Pashto, probably a nom de guerre.

Izra was thought to be sleeping in a small local mosque. There was no moon and it was pitch black. After 20 minutes a light glowed on a rooftop, a suspicious sight in an area where there is no electricity and everyone sleeps during the hours of darkness.

The flashlight followed our progress. Corporal Josh Hurst, the squad leader, realised we had been spotted by the Taliban when his point man saw four men slipping through the tree line. Hurst motioned the squad down a path to a field of dry furrows and mud channels. I realised why I was slipping and sliding while the marines remained sure-footed — they all had night-vision goggles.

I slid noisily into a canal that I had not noticed. LanceCorporal Tim Ryan hauled me out by the scruff of my flak jacket. Dogs barked. I was terrified that we were walking into an ambush.

After three hours we found the mosque, but Hurst decided to move on because of the danger. “It just kept getting worse and worse and worse,” Hurst said with good humour when we were back on base.

The strength of the Taliban’s presence is gradually becoming clearer. One of their targets is Wafa Aghasheran, a contractor for the marines who builds bridges and wells. He sat cross-legged in his cream-coloured shalwar kameez and dark wool vest last week recalling how Hazrat Gull, 19, his young business partner, had been killed by the Taliban several weeks ago.

“They pulled up on a motorcycle at our project, asked who is the contractor and shot him in the head,” Aghasheran said. “I ran to the bridge and found him. His head was in the canal. All our workers had run away.”

More recently two motorcycles carrying four Taliban converged on Aghasheran’s truck and pointed Kalashnikovs at the driver. They broke both the driver’s arms with the butts of their guns and set fire to the vehicle. Their aim was to stop anyone from working with the Afghan government and marines.

They then put up a letter to Aghasheran in the local mosque saying: “Stop your business or we will kill you and your family.” He smiled and said that he could not afford to stop: at 42, he has three wives and 18 children.

The Taliban are growing bolder. A man in his early twenties known only as Sharitulla was at home about two weeks ago when the Taliban came knocking in broad daylight. When he refused their demand for taxes, they took him out to the desert and beat him to death. His body was left on the doorstep of his elderly father.

While they may not want the Taliban back, many of Marjah’s people are reluctant to commit themselves to the administration that has replaced them. “The local residents don’t trust we will provide security,” said Naimatullah, the acting district governor of Marjah, in a late-night interview.

“They are taking a wait-and-see attitude to the government,” he said, fingering black worry beads. “The people are worried that the Taliban will return and punish them for supporting the government.”

The offensive in which Marjah was captured was the largest in Afghanistan since 2001, when the Taliban regime was driven out by US-supported Afghan warlords after the September 11 attacks on America.

After that victory, Afghanistan was largely neglected as America and Britain became bogged down in the war in Iraq. Only last year did attention shift back. Heavy-handed military operations that killed civilians helped the Taliban to reestablish support and organise a virulent insurgency.

General David Petraeus, who came up with the idea of the “surge” that quelled the violence in Iraq, has tailored his theory to Afghanistan at a pivotal moment in the nine-year war. The Obama administration is deploying 30,000 new troops to Afghanistan as part of a shift to a counterinsurgency strategy.

Until recently Marjah was seen as a success story that could serve as a template for an expected operation against the Taliban in Kandahar, the birthplace of the Taliban.

“In many ways [the Marjah operation] is a model for the future: an Afghan-led operation supported by the coalition, deeply engaged with the people,” General Stanley McChrystal, leader of Nato and American forces, said.

Yet worries are growing in the Pentagon that if thousands of marines and Afghan security forces cannot entirely defeat the Taliban in Marjah, a town of only 50,000, securing the far larger prize of Kandahar may be an even greater struggle than has been foreseen.

This week Hamid Karzai, the Afghan president, flies to Washington for a meeting with President Barack Obama. The two men know that success in Kandahar will be crucial both to persuading the Taliban to the negotiating table and to enabling Nato forces to leave.

Yet after Marjah, McChrystal is playing down expectations. Last week he warned that it could be the end of the year before any progress is seen.

Additional reporting: Christina Lamb, Washington

Mothers in Congo Get Help in Raising Children of Rape

Mothers in Congo get help in raising children of rape

Group homes and networks are helping mothers in Congo to counter harsh discrimination as well as their frequent reluctance to accept children of rape. Since fighting engulfed eastern Congo in the late 1990s, hundreds of thousands of women have been victims of sexual violence.

By Danielle Shapiro, Contributor
posted May 9, 2010 at 9:29 am EDT
Bukavu and Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo —

Chibalonza Pascaline refuses to tell her 4-year-old, Rolande Ansima, who her biological father was.

"How can I tell the child her father is someone who did this to me?" says young Ms. Pascaline, through an interpreter, as she slowly rolls a sock down her left leg, revealing mangled scars and burns just below her knee.

Pascaline was held for eight months by the Interahamwe, a Hutu militia also known as the Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda (FDLR), which has waged a brutal war throughout Congo's eastern corner since fleeing across the border after Rwanda's 1994 genocide. She was beaten and raped daily. She tried to escape once but her captors caught her. They contemplated killing her, but instead tortured her. She was four months pregnant at the time.

Four years and one surgery later, Pascaline feels sad and angry, even with her daughter. Yet she knows Rolande is not to blame.

"The child comforts me, especially when I see her playing with other children but also playing with me and laughing and smiling," she says. "I hug my child with a lot of happiness and I really forget some of my problems."

Acceptance of children conceived so violently comes slowly for many women, and only with counseling and support, according to advocates and several mothers. Intense social discrimination in Congo against rape victims and their children also makes bonding a challenge. But many women ultimately embrace their children, rejecting or abandoning them only rarely.

Still, stigma makes survival a constant struggle and most mothers hide their children's origins.

"We don't dare tell these children who their biological fathers are," said Jocelyn Nabintu, who was raped and has a 16-month-old son, Imani Borauzima. "If the child learns about his origins, it can traumatize the child," even leading to suicide.

Ms. Nabintu lives in a group home with Pascaline and 42 others – 35 women and nine children, including two daughters from her marriage. They are from Kaniola, in South Kivu Province. The FDLR killed her husband before abducting her, she says.

Rape becomes weapon in war

Since fighting engulfed the eastern Congo in the late 1990s, more than 5 million people have died and hundreds of thousands of women have been raped. Though statistics on children born from these rapes are virtually nonexistent, they are thought to number in the thousands. In Congo, abortion is illegal, and the country's many Christians do not support abortion.

"We didn't like to become pregnant by rape," said Emérance Nzigire, 16, whose daughter, Ansima, is now 4. "But committing abortion is another crime. So there would be two criminals: the rapist and us."

It was Emérance's mother, Nsimire Emelide, also a rape survivor, who started the group home for women from Kaniola. At Ntachinige, which means "I won't kill myself" in Mashi, the group meets every day to tell their stories. During the talks, Ms. Emelide says, she encourages the women to love their children. She stresses that they are innocent.

Another Ntachinige resident, Mapendo Furaha, 16, whose son Birindwa is 1, rejects the vilification rape victims and their children endure. "We don't know why we should be ashamed of what happened to us," she said. "Those who should be ashamed are the rapists."

It is in this environment that Emérance is raising Ansima, an energetic child who seems to be in a constant battle to contain her giggles. Her name means "God loves me" in Mashi. Both Emérance and her mother say Ansima is a blessing and a comfort given the murder of the rest of their family, including five other children and Emelide's husband.

Most organizations that work with children conceived through sexual violence don't do so exclusively. Alessandra Dentice, with the United Nations Children's Fund, says none of their programs target this group in part to avoid exposing the children. Other advocates reiterated this point.

Stigma of father's identity

In addition, identity in Congo usually comes from the father – a problem when he is the enemy.

"If these children are stigmatized, it is because people see the evil things their fathers do, armed people from Rwanda," argues Gilbert Bandibabone, a psychologist who works with rape survivors living at Maison Dorcas, a transit house associated with Panzi Hospital in Bukavu. But members of the FDLR are not the only targets of anger over rape. Francine Chance Mahoro was raped as she made her way to a neighbor's house in her village of Masisi. It was dark; she does not know who did it.

Her daughter, Joyce Kisegeti Pamela, is now 2-1/2 months old. At Heal Africa's transit house in Goma, Charlotte Riziki, the head counselor, says it took Francine weeks simply to name the girl. She continues to grapple with her new role as a mother.

"Being first raped and then pregnant ... she doubly loses her status," Ms. Riziki said. "She's not a girl, she's not a woman; she has no place."

Advocates acknowledge that some women never appear to overcome their pain. Maua Songolo, who was 14 when the Interahamwe raped her and beat her repeatedly, still does not accept her 4-year-old daughter.

Heal Africa has 28 safe houses in North Kivu and Maniema provinces, and in the past seven years has trained about 465 village women as counselors. At the houses, survivors and women from local communities can receive counseling, referrals, and vocational training.

Muliri Jeanne Kabekatyo, coordinator for Heal Africa's gender-based violence program in Maniema Province, says hospital staff members work with political, religious, and traditional community leaders – often men – to reverse the stigma women encounter. These men can, and often do, influence the population to welcome rape survivors home.

Ms. Kabekatyo says counselors urge women to ignore those who say children born of rape will become troublemakers like their fathers.

"The counselors continually tell that woman that if you surround your child with love, the child will be useful in society," she said in a recent telephone interview. "The child will understand, 'I was raised with love, I have a moral debt to share that with others, with society.' We want to make out of these children artisans of peace."