Burundi Army Defections Show Dangerous Ethnic Divisions
DECEMBER 30, 2015 10:30 PM
BY IGNATIUS SSUUNA AND ELOGE WILLY KANEZA
ASSOCIATED PRESS
BUJUMBURA, Burundi • As conflict in Burundi escalates along the same ethnic lines that fueled genocide in neighboring Rwanda, Burundi’s president warned the world on Wednesday to stay out, threatening to attack any peacekeepers dispatched by regional countries.
In a public address, President Pierre Nkurunziza said a proposed African Union peacekeeping force would violate Burundi’s Constitution, which forbids such an intervention if there is a functioning government and no fighting between “two parties.”
“Burundi will consider it an invasion” if any foreign troops come and will fight them, the president said.
Nkurunziza, who is from the Hutu ethnic group, appears to be sidelining military officers from the Tutsi minority whose loyalty is questioned. Some Tutsis are also starting to defect from the army and one, a colonel, announced last week the establishment of a new rebel group.
The defection of Lt. Col. Edouard Nshimirimana has stirred speculation that other Tutsi soldiers will follow him, leading to a full-blown conflict and mass bloodshed.
The Burundian government has accused Rwanda, which has the same ethnic groups as Burundi and is led by a Tutsi president, of recruiting and training rebels opposed to Nkurunziza, charges the Rwandan government denies. More than 800,000 ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed in Rwanda’s 1994 genocide.
The current violence in Burundi erupted after the ruling party announced in April that Nkurunziza would run for a third term, which many observers said violated peace accords that ended a civil war here and the Constitution. A prominent human rights activist told The Associated Press that Burundi’s long-standing ethnic divide between Hutus and Tutsis is the key issue facing the country again.
Anschaire Nikoyagize, president of the Burundian League for Human Rights, said that while the current government had encouraged some reconciliation, some members of the ruling party remember killings in Burundi in 1972 and Tutsi oppression of the Hutu majority under military governments that ruled from the mid-1960s to the late 1980s.
Burundi’s army was considered the greatest success of the 2000 Arusha peace accord because it brought Hutu and Tutsi soldiers into a unified force.
Now, that gain is starting to unravel as the violence, which has claimed more than 200 lives, takes on a more ethnic dimension. The real death toll is probably much higher as many killings are not reported.
Security forces, including the military, used deadly force to break up the crowds protesting Nkurunziza’s third-term bid in some volatile neighborhoods, some of which were heavily populated by Tutsis. At the start of the protests, the then-defense minister, a Tutsi, had warned that the military would not allow a violation of the Arusha accord. He was later contradicted by the army chief of staff, a Hutu who is among Nkurunziza’s staunch allies.
Those divisions, which appeared tangential at a time when the crisis was widely seen as political, are slowly becoming more visible as defections from the military signal possible war ahead.
Defections in Burundi’s army show it is no longer unified, said Thierry Vircoulon, International Crisis Group’s project director for central Africa.
“The candidacy of President Nkurunziza was very divisive, including in the security forces,” he said. Nkurunziza was re-elected in July, in a vote that international observers said was not credible.
Presidential spokesman Willy Nyamitwe dismissed reports of ethnic divisions within the army as opposition propaganda.
Tutsis make up 14 percent of Burundi’s 10 million people, while Hutus are 85 percent of the population. According to the Arusha agreement, Tutsis should hold 40 percent of posts in the government and the national assembly, as well as 50 percent of all seats in the Senate and the military.
As a former rebel leader, Nkurunziza came to power in 2005 following the signing of the Arusha accord. The Constitution created as a result of the accord says a president can serve for one term, renewable once. But in running for a third term, Nkurunziza’a party argued that he was eligible because for his first term he was chosen by lawmakers and was not popularly elected.
If a new war breaks out in Burundi, it is likely to be fought along ethnic lines, in which Tutsi soldiers are pitted against the Hutu-dominated government, said Leonard Nyangoma, a former interior minister. Nyangoma, a Hutu, is among opposition leaders set to start peace negotiations with the government in January.
BY IGNATIUS SSUUNA AND ELOGE WILLY KANEZA
ASSOCIATED PRESS
BUJUMBURA, Burundi • As conflict in Burundi escalates along the same ethnic lines that fueled genocide in neighboring Rwanda, Burundi’s president warned the world on Wednesday to stay out, threatening to attack any peacekeepers dispatched by regional countries.
In a public address, President Pierre Nkurunziza said a proposed African Union peacekeeping force would violate Burundi’s Constitution, which forbids such an intervention if there is a functioning government and no fighting between “two parties.”
“Burundi will consider it an invasion” if any foreign troops come and will fight them, the president said.
Nkurunziza, who is from the Hutu ethnic group, appears to be sidelining military officers from the Tutsi minority whose loyalty is questioned. Some Tutsis are also starting to defect from the army and one, a colonel, announced last week the establishment of a new rebel group.
The defection of Lt. Col. Edouard Nshimirimana has stirred speculation that other Tutsi soldiers will follow him, leading to a full-blown conflict and mass bloodshed.
The Burundian government has accused Rwanda, which has the same ethnic groups as Burundi and is led by a Tutsi president, of recruiting and training rebels opposed to Nkurunziza, charges the Rwandan government denies. More than 800,000 ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed in Rwanda’s 1994 genocide.
The current violence in Burundi erupted after the ruling party announced in April that Nkurunziza would run for a third term, which many observers said violated peace accords that ended a civil war here and the Constitution. A prominent human rights activist told The Associated Press that Burundi’s long-standing ethnic divide between Hutus and Tutsis is the key issue facing the country again.
Anschaire Nikoyagize, president of the Burundian League for Human Rights, said that while the current government had encouraged some reconciliation, some members of the ruling party remember killings in Burundi in 1972 and Tutsi oppression of the Hutu majority under military governments that ruled from the mid-1960s to the late 1980s.
Burundi’s army was considered the greatest success of the 2000 Arusha peace accord because it brought Hutu and Tutsi soldiers into a unified force.
Now, that gain is starting to unravel as the violence, which has claimed more than 200 lives, takes on a more ethnic dimension. The real death toll is probably much higher as many killings are not reported.
Security forces, including the military, used deadly force to break up the crowds protesting Nkurunziza’s third-term bid in some volatile neighborhoods, some of which were heavily populated by Tutsis. At the start of the protests, the then-defense minister, a Tutsi, had warned that the military would not allow a violation of the Arusha accord. He was later contradicted by the army chief of staff, a Hutu who is among Nkurunziza’s staunch allies.
Those divisions, which appeared tangential at a time when the crisis was widely seen as political, are slowly becoming more visible as defections from the military signal possible war ahead.
Defections in Burundi’s army show it is no longer unified, said Thierry Vircoulon, International Crisis Group’s project director for central Africa.
“The candidacy of President Nkurunziza was very divisive, including in the security forces,” he said. Nkurunziza was re-elected in July, in a vote that international observers said was not credible.
Presidential spokesman Willy Nyamitwe dismissed reports of ethnic divisions within the army as opposition propaganda.
Tutsis make up 14 percent of Burundi’s 10 million people, while Hutus are 85 percent of the population. According to the Arusha agreement, Tutsis should hold 40 percent of posts in the government and the national assembly, as well as 50 percent of all seats in the Senate and the military.
As a former rebel leader, Nkurunziza came to power in 2005 following the signing of the Arusha accord. The Constitution created as a result of the accord says a president can serve for one term, renewable once. But in running for a third term, Nkurunziza’a party argued that he was eligible because for his first term he was chosen by lawmakers and was not popularly elected.
If a new war breaks out in Burundi, it is likely to be fought along ethnic lines, in which Tutsi soldiers are pitted against the Hutu-dominated government, said Leonard Nyangoma, a former interior minister. Nyangoma, a Hutu, is among opposition leaders set to start peace negotiations with the government in January.
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